Disclosed are methods and systems for deep or superficial deep-brain stimulation using multiple therapeutic modalities, including up-regulation or down-regulation using ultrasound impacting one or multiple points in a neural circuit to produce Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) or Long-Term Depression (LTD). Also disclosed are: methods and systems for patient-feedback control of non-invasive deep brain or superficial neuromodulation； devices for producing shaped or steered ultrasound for non-invasive deep brain or superficial neuromodulation； methods and systems using intersecting ultrasound beams； non-invasive ultrasound-neuromodulation techniques to control the permeability of the blood-brain barrier； non-invasive neuromodulation of the spinal cord by ultrasound energy； methods and systems for non-invasive neuromodulation using ultrasound for evaluating the feasibility of neuromodulation treatment using non-ultrasound/ultrasound modalities； and method and systems for neuromodulation using ultrasound delivered in sessions.
