The manipulation of nanoparticles is facilitated through the use of a Langmuir-Blodgett trough constraining the nanoparticles to two dimensions and allowing their density to be controlled through the barriers of the Langmuir-Blodgett trough. A film formed in this manner can be applied to enhance a transparent conductive electrode on the photovoltaic cell. Alternatively the nanoparticles as so constrained can be given two types of functionalization, for example, of an anticancer agent and a targeting ligand.
