Provided herein are methods or reactivating a latent Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection in a cell. The methods comprise modulating a level of NF-κB activity in the cell by contacting the cell with an agent that produces a transient first increase in the level of NF-κB activity without a second delayed increase in NF-κB activity. Optionally, a second agent is used to prime the reactivation. Also provided herein is an isolated