Disease may be detected, monitored, etc. by detecting metabolic dysfunction in a patients eyes. In one embodiment of an apparatus, an excitation light is generated by an excitation light source to induce autofluorescence in an ocular tissue (e.g., retinal tissue), wherein the excitation light excites flavoprotein autofluorescence (FA) and minimizes the excitation of non-flavoprotein autofluorescence. At least a single image representing the induced ocular tissue autofluorescence is captured. The at least single image is intensified to increase the signal strength of the ocular tissue autofluorescence. The at least single image is analyzed to generate an indicator of whether a patient has one or more of eye damage, a disease that causes eye damage, or to generate an indicator of the progression of a disease, an indicator of the effectiveness of a treatment, a personalized treatment for a subject, etc.
