The present invention relates to the medical field, in particular to the electrical polarization modulation of neurons. More specifically, the present invention relates to a nanoparticle or nanoparticle array for use to modulate the electrical polarization of neurons in an individual, for example, for use in preventing or treating a neuronal disease in an individual, typically through electrical polarization modulation of neurons in the subject, where i) when the nanoparticle or nanoparticle array is exposed to a light source, the nanoparticle or nanoparticle aggregate material is selected from a material that enables optoelectric transduction , optothermal transduction or opto-optical transduction, (ii) when the nanoparticle or nanoparticle array is exposed to a magnetic field, the nanoparticle or nanoparticle aggregate material is selected from a material that enables magnetetoelectric transduction or magnetothermal transduction, iii) when the nanoparticle or sup The surface of the nanoparticle aggregate is exposed to an ultrasound source, the nanoparticle or nanoparticle aggregate material is a material that enables acoustic-electrical transduction and where the nanoparticle or nanoparticle aggregate is neutrally charged in the absence of any coating is either coated with a hydrophilic agent that imparts a neutral surface charge to the nanoparticle or nanoparticle aggregate. It further relates to compositions and kits comprising such nanoparticles and / or nanoparticle aggregates, as well as their uses.a presente invenção se refere ao campo médico, em particular, à modulação de polarização elétrica de neurônios. mais especificamente, a presente invenção se refere a uma nanopartícula ou um agregado de nanopartículas para uso para modular a polarização elétrica de neurônios em um indivíduo, por exemplo, para uso na prevenção ou no tratamento de uma doença neuronal em um indivíduo, tipicamente através da modulação de polarização elétrica de neurônios no indivíduo, e
