A composition that includes vitamin A (e.g., retinol) and vitamin E (e.g., gamma-tocopherol), suitable for at least one of pulmonary administration, aerosolization, and intranasal administration. The composition can further include a pharmaceutically acceptable solid or liquid carrier. The composition can be in a unit dosage form or a metered dosage form and can be configured for pulmonary or intranasal administration. Also included are nutritional supplements, intranasal sprays, pulmonary sprays, pulmonary powders, cigarettes, and/or electronic cigarettes, each including the composition. Also included are methods of administering the composition to a human, e.g., within the oral cavity or within the respiratory system.
