共检索到826条,权限内显示50条;
[学术文献 ] “蒙古国生态安全构想”与中蒙生态安全合作 进入全文
学习与探索
蒙古国的生态安全，特别是跨境地区的生态安全形势尤为严峻，对中蒙经贸合作产生了重要影响。在中蒙发展战略对接中将生态安全保护、生态环境合作作为重要项目实施具有重大的战略意义。当前，“蒙古国生态安全构想”主要涉及设置禁止矿业开采的区域、制定减少环境污染的政策以及发展清洁能源产业等内容，虽然提高了我国对蒙古国特别是矿业投资合作的复杂程度和制度成本，但从长远来看这些规定有利于蒙古国的生态保护、生态恢复，也有利于我国在蒙古国矿业投资的可持续发展及绿色产业合作。因此，中蒙两国应联手在草原生态保护、防沙治沙、水资源保护、矿业生态环保和绿色产业上共同发力，不断推进合作。
[学术文献 ] Ecosystem Services’ Assessment of the Desertification Areas of Mongolia 进入全文
Earth Systems and Environment
Generally, areas affected by natural desertification remain virtually untouched by economic activities. However, they can provide numerous ecosystem services (ES) with significant societal benefits. This is especially important for Mongolia, where desertification processes have intensified considerably over the years. This article presents the results of an integrated spatial environmental and economic assessment and mapping of ES for various types of natural resources. We conducted the assessments in the model areas of Mongolia (Bulgan, Orkhon, Darkhan-Uul, Dundgovi, and Umnugovi aimags). To value the eight types of ES, we used the following methods: market price-based evaluation, indirect valuation methods (sociological surveys), a travel cost method, InVEST software, and others. Official statistical data and field survey data were used in calculations. According to our results, the areas, affected by desertification are significant in terms of ES they could provide. We estimated the total economic value of the ES of the model areas of Mongolia at 1885 million USD in 2019. Further research will entail improved methodological approaches.
[学术文献 ] A framework for multi-sensor satellite data to evaluate crop production losses: the case study of 2022 Pakistan floods 进入全文
Scientific Reports
In August 2022, one of the most severe floods in the history of Pakistan was triggered due to the exceptionally high monsoon rainfall. It has affected ~ 33 million people across the country. The agricultural losses in the most productive Indus plains aggravated the risk of food insecurity in the country. As part of the loss and damage (L&D) assessment methodologies, we developed an approach for evaluating crop-specific post-disaster production losses based on multi-sensor satellite data. An integrated assessment was performed using various indicators derived from pre- and post-flood images of Sentinel-1 (flood extent mapping), Sentinel-2 (crop cover), and GPM (rainfall intensity measurements) to evaluate crop-specific losses. The results showed that 2.5 million ha (18% of Sindh’s total area) was inundated out of which 1.1 million ha was cropland. The remainder of crop damage came from the extreme rainfall downpour, flash floods and management deficiencies. Thus approximately 57% (2.8 million ha) of the cropland was affected out of the 4.9 million ha of agricultural area in Sindh. The analysis indicated expected production losses of 88% (3.1 million bales), 80% (1.8 million tons), and 61% (10.5 million tons) for cotton, rice, and sugarcane. This assessment provided useful tools to evaluate the L&D of agricultural production and to develop evidence-based policies enabling post-flood recovery, rehabilitation of people and restoration of livelihood.
[学术文献 ] Global water resources and the role of groundwater in a resilient water future 进入全文
Nature Reviews Earth & Environment
Water is a critical resource, but ensuring its availability faces challenges from climate extremes and human intervention. In this Review, we evaluate the current and historical evolution of water resources, considering surface water and groundwater as a single, interconnected resource. Total water storage trends have varied across regions over the past century. Satellite data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) show declining, stable and rising trends in total water storage over the past two decades in various regions globally. Groundwater monitoring provides longer-term context over the past century, showing rising water storage in northwest India, central Pakistan and the northwest United States, and declining water storage in the US High Plains and Central Valley. Climate variability causes some changes in water storage, but human intervention, particularly irrigation, is a major driver. Water-resource resilience can be increased by diversifying management strategies. These approaches include green solutions, such as forest and wetland preservation, and grey solutions, such as increasing supplies (desalination, wastewater reuse), enhancing storage in surface reservoirs and depleted aquifers, and transporting water. A diverse portfolio of these solutions, in tandem with managing groundwater and surface water as a single resource, can address human and ecosystem needs while building a resilient water system.
[学术文献 ] An event-oriented database of meteorological droughts in Europe based on spatio-temporal clustering 进入全文
Scientific Reports
Droughts evolve in space and time without following borders or pre-determined temporal constraints. Here, we present a new database of drought events built with a three-dimensional density-based clustering algorithm. The chosen approach is able to identify and characterize the spatio-temporal evolution of drought events, and it was tuned with a supervised approach against a set of past global droughts characterized independently by multiple drought experts. About 200 events were detected over Europein the period 1981-2020 using SPI-3 (3-month cumulated Standardized Precipitation Index) maps derived from the ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts) 5th generation reanalysis (ERA5) precipitation. The largest European meteorological droughts during this period occurred in 1996, 2003, 2002 and 2018. A general agreement between the major events identified by the algorithm and drought impact records was found, as well as with previous datasets based on pre-defined regions.
[学术文献 ] Disaster Risk Reduction, Climate Change Adaptation and Their Linkages with Sustainable Development over the Past 30 Years: A Review 进入全文
International Journal of Disaster Risk Science
The severe damage and impacts caused by extreme events in a changing climate will not only make the sustainable development goals difficult to achieve, but also erode the hard-won development gains of the past. This article reviews the major impacts and challenges of disaster and climate change risks on sustainable development, and summarizes the courses and linkages of disaster risk reduction (DRR), climate change adaptation (CCA), and sustainable development over the past 30 years. Our findings show that the conceptual development of DRR actions has gone through three general phases: disaster management in the 1990s, risk management in the 2000s, and resilient management and development in the 2010s. Gradually, CCA has been widely implemented to overcome the adverse effects of climate change. A framework is proposed for tackling climate change and disaster risks in the context of resilient, sustainable development, indicating that CCA is not a subset of DRR while they have similarities and differences in their scope and emphasis. It is crucial to transform governance mechanisms at different levels, so as to integrate CCA and DRR to reduce disaster and climate change risks, and achieve safe growth and a resilient future in the era of the Anthropocene.
