Disclosed herein are various bladder cancer treatments and methods. The present disclosure can take advantage of propylene glycol concentrations and/or NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1), Cytochrome P450 Oxidoreductase (P450R) and Glucose transporter 1 (Glut-1) protein expression in human transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder to offer individually targeted bladder cancer treatments.