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Vormela peregusna;Sorex araneus sl;Eptesicus nilssonii;Sicista kazbegica;Dicrostonyx torquatus sl;Muscardinus avellanarius;Sorex thaleri;Rhinolophus mehelyi;Apodemus agrarius;Talpa stankovici;Murina hilgendorfi;Spalax microphtalmus;Spermophilus citelloides;Crocidura suaveolens sl;Microtus liechtensteini;Rhinolophus bocharicus;Ellobius talpinus;Marmota baibacina;Cricetulus migratorius;Ochotona pallasi;Marmota caudata;Cricetus cricetus;Ochotona macrotis;Bos grunniens sl;Sorex satunini;Myotis nattereri;Paraechinus hypomelas;Microtus guentheri;Ovibos moschatus sl;Sicista caucasica;Spermophilus relictus;Allactaga elater;Lagurus lagurus;Nyctalus lasiopterus;Ursus thibetanus;Bos primigenius;Lemmus sibiricus;Hemiechinus auritus;Spermophilus xanthoprymnus;Holocene;Sorex alpinus;Allocricetulus eversmanni;Selevinia betpakdalaensis;Ochotona alpina;Talpa caeca;Capreolus capreolus;Martes zibellina;extinction;Nyctalus leisleri;Pteromys volans;Spermophilus erythrogenys;Apodemus epimelas;Ochotona pusilla;Saiga tatarica sl;Crocidura zorzii;Paradipus ctenodactylus;Salpingotus crassicauda;Microtus lusitanicus;Vulpes vulpes;Ochotona rutila;Allactaga vinogradovi;Stylodipus andrewsi;Calomyscus urartensis;Microtus ilaeus;Caracal caracal;Alticola barakshin;Spalax leucodon sl;Spermophilus suslicus;Pygeretmus platyurus;Lasiopodomys mandarinus;Sorex isodon;Pipistrellus kuhlii;Mustela altaica;Rupicapra pyrenaica;Coelodonta antiquitatis;Salpingotus pallidus;Ochotona hyperborea;Myotis ikonnikovi;Microtus subterraneus;Hypsugo savii;Microtus socialis;Sciurus anomalus;Spermophilopsis leptodactylus;Ursus spelaeus;Uncia uncia;Panthera leo sl;Sicista armenica;Microtus maximowiczii;Allocricetulus curtatus;Eolagurus luteus;Rhombomys opimus;Arvicola sapidus;Miniopterus schreibersii;Microtus felteni;Alticola macrotis;Barbastella schadleri;Hystrix cristata;Crocuta spelaea;Felis manul;Apodemus uralensis;Talpa europaea;Myotis schaubi;Spermophilus dauricus;Alticola lemminus;Chionomys nivalis;Myodes rutilus;Apodemus hyrcanicus;Equus hydruntinus;Dipus sagitta;Rhinolophus ferrumequinum;Spermophilus undulatus;Canis aureus;Mus musculus sl;Ovis orientalis;Capra aegagrus;Spermophilus severskensis;Lasiopodomys brandtii;Allactaga williamsi;Mammuthus primigenius;Vespertilio murinus;Spermophilus fulvus;Microtus juldaschi;Canis lupus;Allactaga severtzovi;Crocidura serezkyensis;Microtus arvalis;Mustela eversmanii;Lemmus lemmus;Alticola argentatus;Felis margarita;Apodemus ponticus;Spalax arenarius;Microtus gerbei;Spermophilus musicus;Alticola semicanus;Cardiocranius paradoxus;habitat loss;Oryctolagus cuniculus;Ovis ammon;Pipistrellus nathusii;mammal;Palaearctic;Neomys fodiens;Phodopus campbelli;Desmana moschata;Salpingotus heptneri;Microtus multiplex;Sorex volnuchini;Myotis myotis sl;Tadarida teniotis;Late Pleistocene;Talpa caucasica;Sicista tianshanica;Myotis dasycneme;Rhinolophus blasii;Macaca sylvanus;Megaloceros giganteus;Mammalia;Sorex raddei;Microtus duodecimcostatus;Myomimus roachi;Lepus capensis sl;Panthera pardus;Procapra gutturosa;Mesechinus dauuricus;Dama mesopotamica;Pygeretmus pumilio;Vulpes corsac;Microtus bavaricus;Sorex minutissimus;Mustela erminea;Marmota sibirica;Spermophilus major;Spalax zemni;Lynx lynx;Microtus schidlovskii;Mustela sibirica;Marmota marmota;Martes foina;Marmota paleocaucasica;Galemys pyrenaicus;Capra caucasica;Sorex asper;Dinaromys bogdanovi;Apodemus mystacinus;Crocidura gmelini;Gazella subgutturosa;Apodemus sylvaticus;Alces alces sl;Myodes centralis;Myospalax myospalax;Capra sibirica;Allactaga major;Ochotona dauurica;Equus hemionus;Mustela nivalis;Microtus mongolicus;Moschus moschiferus;Marmota camtschatica;Otonycteris hemprichii;Talpa altaica;Alticola tuvinicus;Meriones persicus;Cuon alpinus;Rangifer tarandus;Alticola strelzovi;Eptesicus serotinus;Sus scrofa;Mesocricetus brandti;Rhinolophus hipposideros;Barbastella barbastellus sl;Capra ibex;Myotis frater;Hyaena hyaena;Myotis emarginatus;Prometheomys schaposchnikowi;Microtus middendorffii;Myotis bechsteinii;Apodemus flavicollis;Talpa levantis;Microtus limnophilus;Capra pyrenaica;Meriones libycus;Meles meles sl;Rhinolophus euryale;Sicista betulina sl;Pygeretmus shitkovi;Felis chaus;Apodemus witherbyi;Spermophilus superciliosus;Sorex minutus;Apodemus alpicola;Dama dama;Allactaga euphratica;Sorex averini;Stylodipus sungorus;Microtus fortis;Myotis brandtii;Lemmus amurensis;Apodemus peninsulae;Lepus timidus;Crocidura leucodon;Marmota menzbieri;Eolagurus przewalskii;Dryomys nitedula;Microtus cabrerae sl;Spermophilus pallidicauda;Mus spretus;Ochotona turuchanensis;Mus spicilegus;Cricetulus longicaudus;Ovis nivicola;Marmota bobak;Castor fiber;Nyctalus noctula;Meriones dahli;Equus ferus sl;Phodopus sungorus;Acinonyx jubatus;Sorex caecutiens;Pleistocene;Microtus thomasi;Meriones unguiculatus;Felis silvestris sl;Vulpes lagopus;fauna;Nyctereutes procyonoides;Camelus knoblochi;Spermophilus citellus;Meriones tamariscinus;Lutra lutra;Crocidura armenica;Pipistrellus pipistrellus sl;Sorex granarius;Eremodipus lichtensteini;mammoth steppe;Arvicola amphibius;Camelus ferus;Jaculus blanfordi;Sciurus vulgaris;Ellobius tancrei;Diplomesodon pulchellum;climate change;Myotis mystacinus sl;Neomys teres;Suncus etruscus;Ursus deningeri;Micromys minutus;Myospalax aspalax;Microtus majori;Ellobius lutescens;Microtus oeconomus;Bison bonasus;Sicista kluchorica;Sorex tundrensis sl;Lynx pardinus;Ratus pyctoris;Hystrix indica;Talpa romana;Capreolus pygargus;Cervus elaphus sl;Microtus agrestis;Microtus levis;Microtus schelkovnikovi;Allactaga bullata;Panthera tigris;Gulo gulo;Microtus savii sl;Stylodipus telum;Mesocricetus auratus;Eptesicus gobiensis;Bison priscus;Eptesicus bottae;Myodes rufocanus;Myodes glareolus;Eliomys quercinus;Erinaceus europaeus sl;Neomys anomalus;Microtus tatricus;Lepus tanaiticus;Ursus maritimus;Plecotus auritus sl;Chionomys roberti;Martes martes;Bubalus cf. arnee;Spalax graecus;Mus macedonicus;Meriones tristami;Meriones vinogradovi;Spalax giganteus;Meriones meridianus;Mustela putorius;Crocidura sibirica;Sorex daphaenodon;Mesocricetus raddei;Talpa occidentalis;Myopus schisticolor;Phodopus roborovskii;Spalax uralensis;Spermophilus pygmaeus;Microtus daghestanicus;Mesocricetus newtoni;Spermophilus parryii;Mustela lutreola;Myotis capaccinii;Tamias sibiricus;Allactaga sibirica;Microtus gregalis;Ursus arctos;Myotis daubentonii sl;Glis glis;Sorex roboratus;Vespertilio sinensis;Chionomys gud;Sicista subtilis sl;rupicapra rupicapra;Cricetulus barabensis
DOI：
doi:10.5061/dryad.62p1q
摘要：
Most studies of mammal extinctions during the Pleistocene–Holocene transition explore the relative effects of climate change vs. human impacts on these extinctions, but the relative importance of the different environmental factors involved remains poorly understood. Moreover, these studies are strongly biased towards megafauna, which may have been more influenced by human hunting than species of small body size. We examined the potential environmental causes of Pleistocene–Holocene mammal extinctions by linking regional environmental characteristics with the regional extinction rates of large and small mammals in 14 Palaearctic regions. We found that regional extinction rates were larger for megafauna, but extinction patterns across regions were similar for both size groups, emphasizing the importance of environmental change as an extinction factor as opposed to hunting. Still, the bias towards megafauna extinctions was larger in Southern Europe and smaller in central Eurasia. The loss of suitable habitats, low macroclimatic heterogeneity within regions and an increase in precipitation were identified as the strongest predictors of regional extinction rates. Suitable habitats for many species of the Last Glacial fauna were grassland and desert, but not tundra or forest. The low-extinction regions identified in central Eurasia are characterized by the continuous presence of grasslands and deserts until the present. In contrast, forest expansion associated with an increase in precipitation and temperature was likely the main factor causing habitat loss in the high-extinction regions. The shift of grassland into tundra also contributed to the loss of suitable habitats in northern Eurasia. Habitat loss was more strongly related to the extinctions of megafauna than of small mammals. Ungulate species with low tolerance to deep snow were more likely to go regionally extinct. Thus, the increase in precipitation at the Pleistocene–Holocene transition may have also directly contributed to the extinctions by creating deep snow cover which decreases forage availability in winter.
