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heat tolerance;insect ecology;disturbance;species management;prescribed fire;Lupinus perennis;sandhill;Eumaeus atala;conservation;Pinus palustris;Callophrys irus;Quercus;Zamia integrifola;Lepidoptera;rare species;Lycaenidae;Holocene;Fire ecology
DOI：
doi:10.5061/dryad.36t0k
摘要：
Butterflies such as the atala hairstreak, Eumaeus atala Poey, and the frosted elfin, Callophrys irus Godart, are restricted to frequently disturbed habitats where their larval host plants occur. Pupae of these butterflies are noted to reside at the base of host plants or in the leaf litter and soil, which may allow them to escape direct mortality by fire, a prominent disturbance in many areas they inhabit. The capacity of these species to cope with fire is a critical consideration for land management and conservation strategies in the locations where they are found. Survival of E. atala pupae in relation to temperature and duration of heat pulse was tested using controlled water bath experiments and a series of prescribed fire field experiments. Survival of E. atala pupae was correlated to peak temperature and heat exposure in both laboratory and field trials. In addition, E. atala survival following field trials was correlated to depth of burial; complete mortality was observed for pupae at the soil surface. Fifty percent of E. atala survived the heat generated by prescribed fire when experimentally placed at depths ? 1.75cm, suggesting that pupation of butterflies in the soil at depth can protect from fatal temperatures caused by fire. For a species such as E. atala that pupates above ground, a population reduction from a burn event is a significant loss, and so decreasing the impact of prescribed fire on populations is critical.
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Abies_alba Abies_grandis Abies_nordmanniana Abies_veitchii Abutilon_theophrasti Acer_campestre Acer_negundo Acer_platanoides Acer_pseudoplatanus Achillea_millefolium Achillea_ptarmica Acorus_calamus Actaea_spicata Adoxa_moschatellina Aegopodium_podagraria Aesculus_hippocastanum Aethusa_cynapium Agrimonia_eupatoria Agrostemma_githago Agrostis_canina Agrostis_capillaris Agrostis_gigantea Agrostis_stolonifera Agrostis_vinealis Ailanthus_altissima Aira_caryophyllea Aira_praecox Ajuga_reptans Alchemilla_glabra Alisma_lanceolatum Alisma_plantago-aquatica Alliaria_petiolata Allium_cepa Allium_oleraceum Allium_schoenoprasum Allium_scorodoprasum Allium_ursinum Allium_vineale Alnus_glutinosa Alnus_incana Alopecurus_aequalis Alopecurus_geniculatus Alopecurus_myosuroides Alopecurus_pratensis Althaea_officinalis Alyssum_alyssoides Amaranthus_blitum Amaranthus_hybridus Amaranthus_retroflexus Ambrosia_artemisiifolia Ammophila_arenaria Amsinckia_menziesii Anacamptis_morio Anacamptis_pyramidalis Anagallis_arvensis Anagallis_tenella Anchusa_officinalis Andromeda_polifolia Anemone_nemorosa Anemone_pulsatilla Anemone_ranunculoides Angelica_archangelica Angelica_sylvestris Antennaria_dioica Anthemis_arvensis Anthemis_cotula Anthoxanthum_aristatum Anthoxanthum_odoratum Anthriscus_cerefolium Anthriscus_sylvestris Anthyllis_vulneraria Apera_spica-venti Aphanes_arvensis Apium_graveolens Apium_nodiflorum Aquilegia_vulgaris Arabidopsis_arenosa Arabidopsis_thaliana Arabis_hirsuta Arctium_lappa Arctium_minus Arctostaphylos_uva-ursi Arenaria_serpyllifolia Armeria_maritima Armoracia_rusticana Arnica_montana Arnoseris_minima Arrhenatherum_elatius Artemisia_absinthium Artemisia_campestris Artemisia_maritima Artemisia_vulgaris Arum_italicum Arum_maculatum Asparagus_officinalis Asperugo_procumbens Asperula_cynanchica Asplenium_ruta-muraria Asplenium_scolopendrium Asplenium_trichomanes Astragalus_glycyphyllos Athyrium_filix-femina Atriplex_glabriuscula Atriplex_hortensis Atriplex_littoralis Atriplex_patula Atriplex_portulacoides Atriplex_prostrata Avena_fatua Avena_sativa Azolla_filiculoides Baldellia_ranunculoides Ballota_nigra Barbarea_stricta Barbarea_vulgaris Bellis_perennis Berberis_aquifolium Berberis_thunbergii Berberis_vulgaris Berteroa_incana Berula_erecta Beta_vulgaris Betula_pendula Betula_pubescens Bidens_cernua Bidens_frondosa Bidens_tripartita Blackstonia_perfoliata Blechnum_spicant Blysmus_rufus Bolboschoenus_maritimus Botrychium_lunaria Brachypodium_pinnatum Brachypodium_sylvaticum Brassica_juncea Brassica_napus Brassica_nigra Brassica_oleracea Brassica_rapa Briza_media Bromus_benekenii Bromus_carinatus Bromus_erectus Bromus_hordeaceus Bromus_inermis Bromus_racemosus Bromus_secalinus Bromus_sterilis Bromus_tectorum Bryonia_cretica Buddleja_davidii Buglossoides_arvensis Bunias_orientalis Butomus_umbellatus Buxus_sempervirens Cakile_maritima Calamagrostis_canescens Calamagrostis_epigejos Calamagrostis_stricta Calamistrum_globuliferum Calendula_officinalis Calla_palustris Callitriche_hamulata Callitriche_palustris Callitriche_stagnalis Calluna_vulgaris Caltha_palustris Calystegia_sepium Calystegia_soldanella Campanula_glomerata Campanula_persicifolia Campanula_rapunculoides Campanula_rotundifolia Campanula_trachelium Capsella_bursa-pastoris Cardamine_amara Cardamine_flexuosa Cardamine_hirsuta Cardamine_impatiens Cardamine_pratensis Carduus_acanthoides Carduus_nutans Carduus_tenuiflorus Carex_acuta Carex_acutiformis Carex_aquatilis Carex_arenaria Carex_buxbaumii Carex_canescens Carex_caryophyllea Carex_colchica Carex_cuprina Carex_diandra Carex_digitata Carex_dioica Carex_distans Carex_disticha Carex_divulsa Carex_echinata Carex_elongata Carex_ericetorum Carex_flacca Carex_flava Carex_hirta Carex_hostiana Carex_lasiocarpa Carex_leporina Carex_limosa Carex_muricata Carex_nigra Carex_pallescens Carex_panicea Carex_paniculata Carex_pendula Carex_pilulifera Carex_praecox Carex_pseudobrizoides Carex_pseudocyperus Carex_pulicaris Carex_remota Carex_riparia Carex_rostrata Carex_spicata Carex_sylvatica Carex_vesicaria Carex_viridula Carex_vulpina Carlina_vulgaris Carpinus_betulus Carum_carvi Castanea_sativa Catabrosa_aquatica Catapodium_rigidum Centaurea_scabiosa Centaurium_erythraea Centaurium_littorale Centaurium_pulchellum Cephalanthera_damasonium Cephalanthera_rubra Cerastium_arvense Cerastium_fontanum Cerastium_glomeratum Cerastium_semidecandrum Ceratophyllum_demersum Chaenorhinum_minus Chaerophyllum_bulbosum Chaerophyllum_temulum Chelidonium_majus Chenopodium_album Chenopodium_bonus-henricus Chenopodium_ficifolium Chenopodium_foliosum Chenopodium_glaucum Chenopodium_hybridum Chenopodium_murale Chrysosplenium_alternifolium Chrysosplenium_oppositifolium Cicendia_filiformis Cichorium_intybus Cicuta_virosa Circaea_alpina Circaea_lutetiana Cirsium_acaule Cirsium_arvense Cirsium_dissectum Cirsium_eriophorum Cirsium_oleraceum Cirsium_palustre Cirsium_vulgare Cladium_mariscus Claytonia_perfoliata Claytonia_sibirica Clematis_vitalba Clinopodium_vulgare Cochlearia_anglica Cochlearia_danica Cochlearia_officinalis Colchicum_autumnale Comarum_palustre Conium_maculatum Consolida_regalis Convallaria_majalis Convolvulus_arvensis Cornus_mas Cornus_sanguinea Cornus_suecica Corydalis_solida Corylus_avellana Corynephorus_canescens Cota_tinctoria Cotoneaster_integerrimus Crataegus_laevigata Crataegus_monogyna Crepis_biennis Crepis_capillaris Crepis_paludosa Crepis_tectorum Crocus_vernus Cruciata_laevipes Cyanus_segetum Cymbalaria_muralis Cynodon_dactylon Cynoglossum_officinale Cynosurus_cristatus Cyperus_fuscus Cystopteris_fragilis Cytisus_scoparius Dactylis_glomerata Dactylorhiza_fuchsii Dactylorhiza_incarnata Dactylorhiza_maculata Dactylorhiza_majalis Dactylorhiza_praetermissa Dactylorhiza_viridis Danthonia_decumbens Daphne_mezereum Datura_stramonium Daucus_carota Deschampsia_cespitosa Deschampsia_flexuosa Descurainia_sophia Dianthus_armeria Dianthus_carthusianorum Dianthus_deltoides Digitalis_purpurea Digitaria_ischaemum Digitaria_sanguinalis Diphasiastrum_complanatum Diplotaxis_muralis Dipsacus_fullonum Drosera_anglica Drosera_intermedia Drosera_rotundifolia Dryopteris_carthusiana Dryopteris_cristata Dryopteris_dilatata Dryopteris_filix-mas Echinochloa_crus-galli Echium_vulgare Egeria_densa Elaeagnus_rhamnoides Elatine_hexandra Eleocharis_acicularis Eleocharis_multicaulis Eleocharis_palustris Eleocharis_quinqueflora Eleocharis_uniglumis Elodea_canadensis Elymus_caninus Elymus_farctus Elymus_repens Empetrum_nigrum Epilobium_angustifolium Epilobium_ciliatum Epilobium_hirsutum Epilobium_lanceolatum Epilobium_montanum Epilobium_obscurum Epilobium_palustre Epilobium_parviflorum Epilobium_roseum Epilobium_tetragonum Epipactis_helleborine Epipactis_palustris Equisetum_arvense Equisetum_fluviatile Equisetum_hyemale Equisetum_palustre Equisetum_ramosissimum Equisetum_sylvaticum Equisetum_variegatum Eragrostis_minor Eragrostis_pilosa Erica_cinerea Erica_tetralix Erigeron_acer Erigeron_annuus Erigeron_canadensis Eriophorum_angustifolium Eriophorum_gracile Eriophorum_latifolium Eriophorum_vaginatum Erodium_cicutarium Erophila_verna Erucastrum_gallicum Eryngium_campestre Eryngium_maritimum Erysimum_cheiranthoides Eschscholzia_californica Euonymus_europaeus Eupatorium_cannabinum Euphorbia_amygdaloides Euphorbia_cyparissias Euphorbia_esula Euphorbia_helioscopia Euphorbia_lathyris Euphorbia_palustris Euphorbia_paralias Euphorbia_peplus Euphorbia_seguieriana Euphorbia_stricta Euphrasia_stricta Fagopyrum_esculentum Fagus_sylvatica Fallopia_convolvulus Fallopia_dumetorum Festuca_arundinacea Festuca_gigantea Festuca_ovina Festuca_pratensis Festuca_rubra Ficaria_verna Filipendula_ulmaria Fragaria_moschata Fragaria_vesca Frangula_alnus Fraxinus_excelsior Fumaria_officinalis Gagea_lutea Galanthus_nivalis Galeopsis_bifida Galeopsis_segetum Galeopsis_speciosa Galeopsis_tetrahit Galinsoga_parviflora Galinsoga_quadriradiata Galium_aparine Galium_boreale Galium_mollugo Galium_odoratum Galium_palustre Galium_saxatile Galium_tricornutum Galium_uliginosum Galium_verum Genista_anglica Genista_germanica Genista_pilosa Genista_tinctoria Gentiana_cruciata Gentiana_pneumonanthe Gentianella_amarella Gentianella_campestris Gentianella_germanica Geranium_dissectum Geranium_lucidum Geranium_molle Geranium_pratense Geranium_pusillum Geranium_pyrenaicum Geranium_robertianum Geranium_rotundifolium Geranium_sanguineum Geum_rivale Geum_urbanum Glaucium_flavum Glebionis_segetum Glechoma_hederacea Glyceria_fluitans Glyceria_maxima Glyceria_notata Glycine_max Gnaphalium_sylvaticum Gnaphalium_uliginosum Goodyera_repens Gratiola_officinalis Gymnadenia_conopsea Gymnocarpium_dryopteris Hammarbya_paludosa Hedera_helix Helianthemum_nummularium Helianthus_annuus Helianthus_tuberosus Helictotrichon_pratense Helictotrichon_pubescens Helminthotheca_echioides Heracleum_mantegazzianum Heracleum_sphondylium Herminium_monorchis Hesperis_matronalis Hieracium_laevigatum Hieracium_umbellatum Hierochloe_odorata Hippocrepis_comosa Hippuris_vulgaris Holcus_lanatus Holcus_mollis Holosteum_umbellatum Honckenya_peploides Hordeum_distichon Hordeum_jubatum Hordeum_murinum Hordeum_vulgare Hottonia_palustris Humulus_lupulus Huperzia_selago Hyacinthoides_non-scripta Hydrocotyle_vulgaris Hyoscyamus_niger Hypericum_hirsutum Hypericum_humifusum Hypericum_maculatum Hypericum_montanum Hypericum_perforatum Hypericum_pulchrum Hypochaeris_glabra Hypochaeris_radicata Iberis_amara Ilex_aquifolium Impatiens_glandulifera Impatiens_noli-tangere Impatiens_parviflora Inula_britannica Inula_conyzae Iris_pseudacorus Isatis_tinctoria Isoetes_echinospora Iva_xanthiifolia Jacobaea_vulgaris Jasione_montana Juglans_regia Juncus_acutiflorus Juncus_alpinoarticulatus Juncus_articulatus Juncus_balticus Juncus_bufonius Juncus_bulbosus Juncus_conglomeratus Juncus_effusus Juncus_filiformis Juncus_gerardii Juncus_inflexus Juncus_maritimus Juncus_pygmaeus Juncus_squarrosus Juncus_tenuis Juniperus_communis Kickxia_spuria Knautia_arvensis Koeleria_macrantha Koeleria_pyramidata Laburnum_anagyroides Lactuca_muralis Lactuca_serriola Lactuca_tatarica Lamium_album Lamium_amplexicaule Lamium_galeobdolon Lamium_purpureum Laphangium_luteoalbum Lappula_myosotis Lapsana_communis Larix_decidua Larix_kaempferi Lathyrus_aphaca Lathyrus_japonicus Lathyrus_linifolius Lathyrus_palustris Lathyrus_pratensis Lathyrus_sylvestris Lathyrus_tuberosus Leersia_oryzoides Lemna_gibba Lemna_minor Lemna_trisulca Leontodon_hispidus Leontodon_saxatilis Leopoldia_comosa Lepidium_campestre Lepidium_didymum Lepidium_draba Lepidium_ruderale Lepidium_virginicum Leucanthemum_vulgare Leucojum_aestivum Leucojum_vernum Leymus_arenarius Ligustrum_vulgare Lilium_martagon Limonium_vulgare Limosella_aquatica Linaria_vulgaris Linnaea_borealis Linum_catharticum Linum_usitatissimum Liparis_loeselii Lithospermum_officinale Littorella_uniflora Lobularia_maritima Lolium_multiflorum Lolium_perenne Lolium_temulentum Lonicera_periclymenum Lonicera_xylosteum Lotus_corniculatus Lotus_pedunculatus Lotus_tenuis Ludwigia_palustris Lunaria_annua Lunaria_rediviva Lupinus_angustifolius Lupinus_luteus Lupinus_polyphyllus Luzula_campestris Luzula_luzuloides Luzula_multiflora Luzula_pilosa Luzula_sylvatica Lycium_barbarum Lycopodiella_inundata Lycopodium_annotinum Lycopodium_clavatum Lycopus_europaeus Lysimachia_europaea Lysimachia_maritima Lysimachia_nemorum Lysimachia_nummularia Lysimachia_punctata Lysimachia_thyrsiflora Lysimachia_vulgaris Lythrum_salicaria Maianthemum_bifolium Malus_domestica Malva_neglecta Malva_sylvestris Marrubium_vulgare Matricaria_chamomilla Matricaria_discoidea Medicago_falcata Medicago_lupulina Medicago_minima Medicago_sativa Melampyrum_arvense Melampyrum_pratense Melica_nutans Melica_uniflora Melilotus_albus Melilotus_officinalis Mentha_aquatica Mentha_arvensis Mentha_longifolia Mentha_pulegium Mentha_spicata Menyanthes_trifoliata Mercurialis_annua Mercurialis_perennis Milium_effusum Milium_vernale Minuartia_hybrida Moehringia_trinervia Molinia_caerulea Monotropa_hypopitys Montia_fontana Muscari_armeniacum Muscari_botryoides Myosotis_arvensis Myosotis_discolor Myosotis_laxa Myosotis_ramosissima Myosotis_scorpioides Myosotis_stricta Myosotis_sylvatica Myosurus_minimus Myrica_gale Myriophyllum_alterniflorum Myriophyllum_spicatum Narcissus_poeticus Narcissus_pseudonarcissus Nardus_stricta Narthecium_ossifragum Nasturtium_microphyllum Nasturtium_officinale Neottia_cordata Neottia_nidus-avis Neottia_ovata Nepeta_cataria Neslia_paniculata Nuphar_lutea Nymphaea_alba Nymphoides_peltata Odontites_vernus Oenanthe_aquatica Oenanthe_crocata Oenanthe_fistulosa Oenanthe_lachenalii Oenothera_glazioviana Onobrychis_viciifolia Ononis_spinosa Onopordum_acanthium Ophioglossum_vulgatum Ophrys_apifera Ophrys_insectifera Orchis_anthropophora Orchis_mascula Orchis_militaris Orchis_purpurea Origanum_vulgare Ornithogalum_nutans Ornithogalum_umbellatum Osmunda_regalis Oxalis_acetosella Oxalis_stricta Panicum_miliaceum Papaver_rhoeas Papaver_somniferum Parentucellia_viscosa Parietaria_judaica Paris_quadrifolia Parnassia_palustris Parthenocissus_inserta Pastinaca_sativa Pedicularis_palustris Pedicularis_sylvatica Persicaria_amphibia Persicaria_bistorta Persicaria_hydropiper Persicaria_lapathifolia Persicaria_maculosa Persicaria_mitis Petasites_hybridus Petroselinum_crispum Peucedanum_palustre Phacelia_tanacetifolia Phalaris_arundinacea Phaseolus_vulgaris Phegopteris_connectilis Philadelphus_coronarius Phleum_arenarium Phleum_pratense Phragmites_australis Physalis_alkekengi Phyteuma_spicatum Picea_abies Picea_sitchensis Picris_hieracioides Pilosella_aurantiaca Pilosella_caespitosa Pilosella_lactucella Pilosella_officinarum Pimpinella_major Pimpinella_saxifraga Pinguicula_vulgaris Pinus_nigra Pinus_pinaster Pinus_strobus Pinus_sylvestris Pisum_sativum Plantago_coronopus Plantago_lanceolata Plantago_major Plantago_maritima Plantago_media Platanthera_bifolia Platanthera_chlorantha Poa_angustifolia Poa_annua Poa_bulbosa Poa_compressa Poa_nemoralis Poa_palustris Poa_pratensis Poa_trivialis Polygala_comosa Polygala_serpyllifolia Polygala_vulgaris Polygonatum_multiflorum Polygonatum_odoratum Polygonatum_verticillatum Polygonum_aviculare Polygonum_maritimum Polypodium_vulgare Polystichum_aculeatum Populus_alba Populus_balsamifera Populus_deltoides Populus_nigra Populus_tremula Potamogeton_crispus Potamogeton_gramineus Potamogeton_lucens Potamogeton_natans Potamogeton_nodosus Potamogeton_perfoliatus Potamogeton_polygonifolius Potentilla_anglica Potentilla_anserina Potentilla_argentea Potentilla_erecta Potentilla_recta Potentilla_reptans Potentilla_sterilis Potentilla_supina Primula_elatior Primula_veris Primula_vulgaris Prunella_vulgaris Prunus_avium Prunus_cerasifera Prunus_domestica Prunus_padus Prunus_serotina Prunus_spinosa Pseudotsuga_menziesii Pteridium_aquilinum Puccinellia_distans Puccinellia_maritima Pulicaria_dysenterica Pulmonaria_officinalis Pyrola_minor Pyrola_rotundifolia Pyrus_communis Quercus_petraea Quercus_robur Quercus_rubra Ranunculus_acris Ranunculus_aquatilis Ranunculus_arvensis Ranunculus_auricomus Ranunculus_bulbosus Ranunculus_circinatus Ranunculus_flammula Ranunculus_fluitans Ranunculus_lingua Ranunculus_polyanthemos Ranunculus_repens Ranunculus_sardous Ranunculus_sceleratus Raphanus_raphanistrum Reseda_alba Reseda_lutea Reseda_luteola Reynoutria_japonica Reynoutria_sachalinensis Rhamnus_cathartica Rhinanthus_minor Rhinanthus_serotinus Rhododendron_ponticum Rhynchospora_alba Ribes_alpinum Ribes_nigrum Ribes_rubrum Ribes_uva-crispa Ricinus_communis Robinia_pseudoacacia Rorippa_amphibia Rorippa_austriaca Rorippa_palustris Rosa_arvensis Rosa_canina Rosa_majalis Rosa_rubiginosa Rosa_rugosa Rosa_xanthina Rubus_caesius Rubus_idaeus Rubus_nessensis Rubus_phoenicolasius Rubus_plicatus Rubus_saxatilis Rubus_spectabilis Rudbeckia_laciniata Rumex_acetosa Rumex_acetosella Rumex_aquaticus Rumex_conglomeratus Rumex_crispus Rumex_hydrolapathum Rumex_obtusifolius Rumex_palustris Rumex_thyrsiflorus Sagina_apetala Sagina_maritima Sagina_nodosa Sagina_procumbens Sagittaria_sagittifolia Salicornia_europaea Salix_alba Salix_aurita Salix_caprea Salix_cinerea Salix_daphnoides Salix_gmelinii Salix_integra Salix_pentandra Salix_purpurea Salix_repens Salix_triandra Salix_viminalis Salsola_kali Salvia_pratensis Salvia_verticillata Sambucus_canadensis Sambucus_nigra Sambucus_racemosa Samolus_valerandi Sanguisorba_minor Sanguisorba_officinalis Sanicula_europaea Saponaria_officinalis Saxifraga_granulata Scabiosa_columbaria Scandix_pecten-veneris Scheuchzeria_palustris Schoenoplectus_americanus Schoenoplectus_lacustris Schoenoplectus_tabernaemontani Schoenus_nigricans Scilla_siberica Scirpus_sylvaticus Scleranthus_annuus Scorzonera_humilis Scorzoneroides_autumnalis Scrophularia_auriculata Scrophularia_nodosa Scrophularia_umbrosa Scrophularia_vernalis Scutellaria_galericulata Secale_cereale Securigera_varia Sedum_acre Sedum_album Sedum_maximum Sedum_rupestre Sedum_spurium Sedum_telephium Sempervivum_tectorum Senecio_inaequidens Senecio_nemorensis Senecio_sylvaticus Senecio_viscosus Senecio_vulgaris Serratula_tinctoria Sesleria_albicans Setaria_pumila Setaria_verticillata Setaria_viridis Sherardia_arvensis Silaum_silaus Silene_baccifera Silene_conica Silene_dioica Silene_flos-cuculi Silene_gallica Silene_latifolia Silene_noctiflora Silene_nutans Silene_otites Silene_vulgaris Sinapis_alba Sinapis_arvensis Sisymbrium_altissimum Sisymbrium_loeselii Sisymbrium_officinale Sisymbrium_orientale Sium_latifolium Solanum_americanum Solanum_dulcamara Solanum_tuberosum Solidago_canadensis Solidago_gigantea Solidago_virgaurea Sonchus_arvensis Sonchus_asper Sonchus_oleraceus Sorbus_aria Sorbus_aucuparia Sparganium_angustifolium Sparganium_emersum Sparganium_erectum Sparganium_natans Spartina_anglica Spergula_arvensis Spergula_morisonii Spergularia_marina Spergularia_media Spergularia_rubra Spinacia_oleracea Spiraea_salicifolia Spiranthes_spiralis Spirodela_polyrrhiza Stachys_officinalis Stachys_palustris Stachys_sylvatica Stellaria_aquatica Stellaria_cuspidata Stellaria_graminea Stellaria_holostea Stellaria_media Stellaria_nemorum Stellaria_pallida Stellaria_palustris Stellaria_uliginosa Stuckenia_pectinata Suaeda_maritima Succisa_pratensis Symphoricarpos_albus Symphyotrichum_lanceolatum Symphytum_officinale Syringa_vulgaris Tanacetum_parthenium Tanacetum_vulgare Taraxacum_campylodes Taxus_baccata Tephroseris_palustris Tetragonia_tetragonioides Teucrium_botrys Teucrium_chamaedrys Teucrium_montanum Teucrium_scorodonia Thalictrum_minus Thelypteris_confluens Thesium_humifusum Thlaspi_arvense Thlaspi_caerulescens Thlaspi_perfoliatum Thuja_occidentalis Thuja_plicata Thymus_praecox Thymus_pulegioides Thymus_serpyllum Thymus_vulgaris Tilia_cordata Tilia_platyphyllos Torilis_arvensis Torilis_japonica Tragopogon_dubius Tragopogon_orientalis Tragopogon_pratensis Trapa_natans Trichophorum_cespitosum Trifolium_arvense Trifolium_campestre Trifolium_dubium Trifolium_fragiferum Trifolium_hybridum Trifolium_incarnatum Trifolium_medium Trifolium_pratense Trifolium_repens Trifolium_resupinatum Trifolium_subterraneum Triglochin_maritima Triglochin_palustris Tripleurospermum_maritimum Tripolium_pannonicum Trisetum_flavescens Triticum_aestivum Tsuga_heterophylla Tuberaria_guttata Turritis_glabra Tussilago_farfara Typha_angustifolia Typha_latifolia Ulex_europaeus Ulmus_glabra Ulmus_laevis Ulmus_minor Urtica_dioica Urtica_urens Vaccinium_corymbosum Vaccinium_macrocarpon Vaccinium_myrtillus Vaccinium_oxycoccos Vaccinium_uliginosum Vaccinium_vitis-idaea Valeriana_dioica Valeriana_officinalis Valerianella_locusta Verbascum_lychnitis Verbascum_nigrum Verbascum_phlomoides Verbascum_thapsus Verbena_officinalis Veronica_agrestis Veronica_anagallis-aquatica Veronica_arvensis Veronica_austriaca Veronica_beccabunga Veronica_catenata Veronica_chamaedrys Veronica_hederifolia Veronica_longifolia Veronica_officinalis Veronica_peregrina Veronica_persica Veronica_praecox Veronica_scutellata Veronica_serpyllifolia Veronica_verna Viburnum_lantana Viburnum_opulus Vicia_cracca Vicia_faba Vicia_hirsuta Vicia_sativa Vicia_sepium Vicia_tetrasperma Vicia_villosa Vinca_minor Vincetoxicum_hirundinaria Viola_arvensis Viola_canina Viola_hirta Viola_lutea Viola_odorata Viola_palustris Viola_persicifolia Viola_reichenbachiana Viola_riviniana Viola_rupestris Viola_tricolor Vulpia_bromoides Vulpia_myuros Zannichellia_palustris Zea_mays Zostera_marina;alien plant species;Mycorrhizal symbiosis;naturalness;urbanity;anthropogenic impact;arbuscular mycorrhiza
DOI：
doi:10.5061/dryad.v87q30f
摘要：
Anthropogenic impact represents a major pressure on ecosystems, yet little is known about how it affects symbiotic relationships, such as mycorrhizal symbiosis, which plays a crucial role in ecosystem functioning. We analyzed the effects of three human impact types – increasing urbanity, introduction of alien plant species (alienness) and modifications in plant species distribution ranges (as a proxy for naturalness) – on plant community mycorrhization and arbuscular mycorrhization (indicating the degree of forming mycorrhizal symbiosis at plant community level using the relative abundance of mycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal plants, respectively). The study was carried out in three habitat types, each dominated by a distinct mycorrhizal type – ectomycorrhizal woodlands, ericoid mycorrhizal heathlands and arbuscular mycorrhizal grasslands - at the regional scale in the Netherlands. The response of community mycorrhization and arbuscular mycorrhization to anthropogenic influence showed contrasting patterns, depending on the specific aspect of human impact. Community mycorrhization responded negatively to urbanity and positively to increasing alienness, while arbuscular mycorrhization showed the reverse trend. More natural heathlands were found to be more mycorrhizal and less arbuscular mycorrhizal. The strongest responses were detected in woodlands and heathlands, while mycorrhization in grasslands was relatively insensitive to human impact. Our study highlights the importance of considering mycorrhizal symbiosis in understanding and quantifying the effects of anthropogenic influence on plant communities, especially in woodlands and heathlands.
