South Africa Economic Update, November 2011 : Focus on Green Growth

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作者：

World Bank

来源地址：

http://hdl.handle.net/10986/26854

关键词：

ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY;  ADVERSE IMPACT;  AGGREGATE DEMAND;  AGRICULTURAL SUBSIDIES;  AGRICULTURE;  AIR;  AIR POLLUTION;  ALLOCATION;  ANNUAL CHANGE;  APPROACH;  ASSETS;  ATMOSPHERE;  BIOSPHERE;  BONDS;  CAPITAL COSTS;  CAPITAL FORMATION;  CAPITAL MARKETS;  CARBON;  CARBON CONTENT;  CARBON EMISSIONS;  CARBON ENERGY;  CARBON INTENSITY;  CARBON TAX;  CENTRAL BANK;  CLEAN AIR;  CLEAN WATER;  CLIMATE;  CLIMATE CHANGE;  CLIMATE CHANGE NEGOTIATIONS;  CLOUDS;  CO;  CO2;  COAL;  COMBUSTION;  COMMERCIAL BANKS;  COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE;  COMPETITIVENESS;  CONSERVATION AREAS;  CONSUMER PRICE;  CONSUMER PRICE INDEX;  CONSUMERS;  CONSUMPTION OF ENERGY;  CPI;  CRUDE OIL;  DEBT;  DEBT BURDEN;  DEFORESTATION;  DEVELOPED COUNTRIES;  DEVELOPMENT POLICIES;  DISCOURAGED WORKERS;  DISTRIBUTIONAL IMPLICATIONS;  DOMESTIC PRODUCTION;  DURABLE GOODS;  ECONOMIC ACTIVITY;  ECONOMIC CONDITIONS;  ECONOMIC COSTS;  ECONOMIC EFFECTS;  ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY;  ECONOMIC GROWTH;  ECONOMIC OUTLOOK;  ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE;  ECONOMIC RECOVERY;  ECONOMIC STRUCTURE;  ECONOMIC UNCERTAINTY;  ECONOMIES OF SCALE;  EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTS;  ELECTRICITY;  ELECTRICITY PRICES;  ELECTRICITY SECTOR;  ELECTRICITY TARIFF;  EMISSION;  EMISSION GROWTH;  EMISSIONS;  EMISSIONS FROM ENERGY;  EMISSIONS FROM ENERGY USE;  EMISSIONS GROWTH;  EMISSIONS MITIGATION;  EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE;  EMPIRICAL RESEARCH;  EMPIRICAL STUDIES;  ENERGY CONSUMPTION;  ENERGY DEMAND;  ENERGY EFFICIENCY;  ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES;  ENERGY INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION;  ENERGY INTENSITY;  ENERGY MIX;  ENERGY POLICIES;  ENERGY PRICE;  ENERGY PRICES;  ENERGY PRODUCTION;  ENERGY SUBSIDIES;  ENERGY SUPPLY;  ENERGY USE;  ENVIRONMENTAL;  ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS;  ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS;  ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS;  ENVIRONMENTAL GOODS;  ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS;  ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES;  ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES;  ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY;  ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS;  ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION;  ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY;  ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION;  ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES;  EXCHANGE RATE;  EXCHANGE RATES;  EXPENDITURES;  EXPORT GROWTH;  EXPORTS;  FINANCIAL MARKETS;  FINANCIAL RISKS;  FINANCIAL SECTOR;  FINANCIAL SERVICES;  FISCAL POLICY;  FISHERIES;  FORECASTS;  FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT;  FOREST;  FOSSIL;  FOSSIL FUELS;  FUEL;  FUEL PRICE;  GDP;  GDP PER CAPITA;  GENERATION CAPACITY;  GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT FINANCE;  GLOBAL EMISSIONS;  GOLD;  GOVERNMENT DEBT;  GREEN ENERGY;  GREENHOUSE;  GREENHOUSE GAS;  GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS;  GREENHOUSE GASES;  GROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION;  GROSS NATIONAL INCOME;  GROSS VALUE;  GROWTH POLICIES;  GROWTH POLICY;  GROWTH POTENTIAL;  GROWTH RATE;  HIGH ENERGY INTENSITY;  HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT;  HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION;  HUMAN CAPITAL;  HYDROSPHERE;  IMPORT PRICES;  IMPORTS;  INFLATION;  INTEREST RATE;  INTERMEDIATE GOODS;  INTERNATIONAL TRADE;  INVENTORIES;  JOBS;  LABOR FORCE;  LABOR MARKETS;  LABOR PRODUCTIVITY;  LAND USE;  LOW INTEREST RATES;  LOW TARIFF;  LOW-CARBON;  MACROECONOMIC POLICIES;  MARKET ECONOMIES;  MARKET FAILURE;  MARKET FAILURES;  MENU COSTS;  METALS;  MONETARY POLICY;  NATIONAL ACCOUNTS;  NATIONAL INCOME;  NATURAL CAPITAL;  NATURAL GAS;  NET DOMESTIC PRODUCT;  NET EXPORTS;  NUCLEAR POWER;  OIL;  OIL EQUIVALENT;  OIL PRICE;  OIL PRICES;  PE;  PH;  PLATINUM;  POLICY INSTRUMENTS;  PORTFOLIO;  POSITIVE EFFECTS;  POWER GENERATION;  POWER PLANTS;  POWER SHORTAGES;  PRICE INCREASES;  PRICE INDEX;  PRICE SUBSIDIES;  PRIMARY ENERGY;  PRODUCERS;  PROPERTY RIGHTS;  PUBLIC GOODS;  PURCHASING POWER;  REAL GDP;  RECYCLING;  REDUCING ENERGY CONSUMPTION;  RENEWABLE ENERGY;  RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES;  RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS;  RETROFITTING;  RISK AVERSION;  SCENARIOS;  SILVER;  SINK;  SOCIAL COSTS;  STRUCTURAL CHANGE;  SUBSTITUTION;  SUPPLY SIDE;  SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;  TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS;  TERMS OF TRADE;  TRADE BALANCE;  TRADE BARRIERS;  TRADE POLICIES;  TRADE POLICY;  TRADEOFFS;  TRADING PARTNERS;  UNCERTAINTIES;  UNDERESTIMATES;  UNEMPLOYMENT;  UNEMPLOYMENT RATE;  VALUATION;  VALUE ADDED;  WATER QUALITY;  WEALTH;  WIND;  WIND POWER;  WTO;  Report; 

年份：

2011

出版地：

Washington,USA

语种：

English

摘要：

The global financial roller coaster, with the Euro zone as its lead car, has hit economic prospects across the globe. The South African economy, with its close links to the world economy, has suffered, too, resulting in weakened growth prospects, lower fiscal revenues, lower and more volatile valuation of the rand, and dampened external financing. This further compounds the policy challenges facing the authorities, on top of their preoccupation with unyielding unemployment, which requires higher and more inclusive economic growth. Policymaking is also conditioned by a growing recognition that future growth needs to be less carbon-intensive. As elsewhere, opportunities in green economies are viewed with keen interest, as a way of simultaneously targeting a cleaner environment and stimulating innovation, growth, and job creation. While green policies can have large synergies and co-benefits with the growth and employment agenda, they are not a substitute for it. Indeed, such synergies are likely to be mutually enhancing and larger when the growth and environment objectives are being pursued by multiple, well-targeted and coordinated policies.