What Have We Learned about Household Biomass Cooking in Central America?

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作者：

Wang, Xiaoping

来源地址：

http://hdl.handle.net/10986/23693

关键词：

ABS;  ACCESS TO MODERN ENERGY;  AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES;  AIR;  AIR POLLUTANTS;  AIR POLLUTION;  ALTERNATIVE FUELS;  AMBIENT AIR;  AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION;  ANNUAL PRODUCTION;  APPLIANCES;  APPROACH;  ATMOSPHERE;  BIOMASS;  BIOMASS HARVESTING;  BIOMASS PRODUCTION;  BIOMASS USING;  BLACK CARBON;  BURNERS;  CALORIFIC VALUE;  CARBON;  CARBON CREDITS;  CARBON EMISSION;  CARBON FINANCE;  CARBON FINANCING;  CARBON MARKET;  CARBON MARKETS;  CARBON MONOXIDE;  CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS;  CARBON PRICE;  CARBON PRICES;  CERTIFICATION PROCESS;  CERTIFIED EMISSION REDUCTION;  CH4;  CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM;  CLIMATE;  CLIMATE CHANGE;  CLIMATIC ZONES;  CO;  CO2;  COLORS;  COMBUSTION;  COMBUSTION CHAMBER;  COOKING;  COOKING FUELS;  COSTS OF FUELS;  DEBT;  DEFORESTATION;  DIFFUSION;  DISINFECTION;  ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT;  ECONOMIC GROWTH;  ECONOMIES OF SCALE;  ECOSYSTEMS;  ELECTRICITY;  EMISSION;  EMISSION FACTOR;  EMISSION REDUCTION;  EMISSION REDUCTION POTENTIAL;  EMISSION REDUCTIONS;  EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS;  EMPLOYMENT;  ENERGY CONSUMPTION;  ENERGY DEVELOPMENT;  ENERGY EFFICIENCY;  ENERGY SECTOR;  ENVIRONMENTAL;  ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION;  ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES;  ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION;  EXPENDITURES;  EXTERNALITIES;  FINANCIAL INCENTIVES;  FISHERIES;  FOREST;  FOREST DEGRADATION;  FOREST RESOURCES;  FORESTS;  FUEL COSTS;  FUEL EFFICIENCY;  FUEL EXPENDITURES;  FUEL SAVINGS;  FUEL SUBSTITUTION;  FUELS;  FUELWOOD;  GENERATION;  GHG;  GLOBAL INTEREST;  GOLD;  GREENHOUSE;  GREENHOUSE GAS;  GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS;  GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTIONS;  GREENHOUSE GASES;  HEALTH PROBLEMS;  HEAT;  HEATING;  HIGH BIOMASS;  HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURES;  INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT;  IRON;  LAND USE;  LAND USE CHANGE;  LIGHTING;  LIMESTONE;  LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS;  LOSS OF FOREST;  LPG;  MARKET PRICES;  MINES;  NATURAL RESOURCES;  NITROGEN;  NITROGEN DIOXIDE;  NO2;  OIL;  OPPORTUNITY COSTS;  PARTICULATE;  PARTICULATE MATTER;  PETROLEUM;  PILOT PROJECTS;  POPULATION GROWTH;  PRESENT VALUE;  PRODUCERS;  PUBLIC GOODS;  REDUCED CO2;  RENEWABLE BIOMASS;  RENEWABLE ENERGY;  RESIDENTIAL ENERGY;  RESIDENTIAL ENERGY USE;  ROADS;  RURAL COMMUNITIES;  RURAL ELECTRIFICATION;  SAFETY;  SAND;  SMOKE;  SOLAR PANELS;  SOLID FUELS;  SPACE HEATING;  STOVES;  SUSTAINABLE ENERGY;  TEMPERATURE;  THERMAL EFFICIENCY;  TRADITIONAL BIOMASS;  TRANSACTION COSTS;  TRANSPORT;  TRANSPORT COSTS;  TRANSPORTATION;  TRANSPORTATION COSTS;  TRIPS;  TROPICAL RAINFOREST;  TROPICAL REGIONS;  TRUCKS;  VARIABLE COSTS;  WOOD FUEL;  WOODY BIOMASS;  Report; 

年份：

2013

出版地：

Washington,USA

语种：

English

摘要：

Twenty million people in Central America cook with biomass using open fires or rudimentary stoves. The number of people using biomass for cooking in the region will remain significant for a long time due to high incidence of poverty, high Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) prices coupled with unsustainable LPG subsidies, as well as relatively easy access to fuel wood in the region. Providing these people with clean and efficient cooking solutions is not just an energy issue, but one related to poverty, gender inequality, public health, environmental sustainability, local employment, climate change, agriculture, and local employment. A new generation of improved biomass cook stoves (ICS) has recently become available in Central America. The economic benefits from improving public health, reducing deforestation, and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions well outweigh the costs of ICS dissemination. Efforts involving donor agencies, governments, non-governmental organizations, as well as local entrepreneurs have been made to disseminate ICS in the region in the last 10 years. The objective of this study is to better understand current developments in clean and efficient biomass cooking solutions, factors that have precluded a larger penetration of ICS within the region, and lessons learned from past programs-both in the region and in other countries-that may be relevant to Central America. The study recommends key actions that may help the region step up its current dissemination efforts and promote sustained use of ICS, a first step toward universal access to ICS by fuel wood users. Its intended audience includes different stakeholders, including government agencies, regional and international organizations, as well as various implementing entities who are thinking or rethinking appropriate technologies, policy interventions, financing, and delivery mechanisms for Central America to promote ICS.