Ethnic Minority Poverty in Vietnam

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作者：

Baulch, Bob

来源地址：

http://hdl.handle.net/10986/28100

关键词：

ABSOLUTE TERMS;  ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY;  ACCESS TO INFRASTRUCTURE;  ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER;  ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS;  ADEQUATE NUTRITION;  ADULT LIFE;  ADULTS;  AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES;  AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION;  AGRICULTURAL GROWTH;  AGRICULTURAL LAND;  AGRICULTURAL SECTOR;  BARRIER;  BENEFICIARY HOUSEHOLDS;  CHILD CARE;  CHILD NUTRITION;  CHRONIC ILLNESS;  CHRONIC MALNUTRITION;  CLASSROOMS;  COMMERCIAL BANKS;  COMMUNAL LAND;  COMMUNITIES;  CROP INCOME;  CROP LAND;  CROPLAND;  CULTURAL PRACTICES;  DISCRIMINATION;  DISEASES;  ECONOMIC GROWTH;  ECONOMIC STATUS;  EDUCATION EXPANSION;  EDUCATION LEVEL;  EDUCATION LEVELS;  EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT;  EDUCATIONAL DISADVANTAGES;  EDUCATIONAL QUALITY;  EDUCATIONAL STANDARDS;  EDUCATIONS;  ENROLMENT RATES;  EQUALITY;  ETHNIC GROUP;  ETHNIC GROUPS;  ETHNIC MINORITIES;  ETHNIC MINORITY;  ETHNIC MINORITY AREAS;  ETHNIC MINORITY CHILDREN;  ETHNIC MINORITY GROUPS;  ETHNIC MINORITY LANGUAGES;  FAMILY PLANNING;  FARM ACTIVITIES;  FARM INCOME;  FARM PRODUCTIVITY;  FOOD AVAILABILITY;  FOOD CONSUMPTION;  FOOD CROP;  FOOD CROPS;  FOOD INTAKE;  FUTURE GROWTH;  GENDER;  GENDER ISSUES;  GEOGRAPHIC REGION;  GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS;  GOVERNMENT SUPPORT;  HIGH SCHOOL;  HIGH SCHOOL LEVEL;  HOSPITAL;  HOUSEHOLD INCOMES;  HOUSEHOLD LIVING STANDARDS;  HOUSEHOLD SIZE;  HOUSEHOLD SURVEY;  HOUSING;  ILLNESS;  IMPACT OF EDUCATION;  INADEQUATE FOOD;  INCIDENCE OF DISEASE;  INDICATORS OF POVERTY;  INEQUALITY;  INSURANCE;  INTELLECTUAL CAPACITY;  IRRIGATION;  JOBS;  LABOUR FORCE;  LABOUR MARKET;  LAND ASSETS;  LAND HOLDINGS;  LAND OWNERSHIP;  LAND QUALITY;  LAND REFORM;  LAND REFORMS;  LAND RIGHTS;  LAND TENURE;  LANGUAGE BARRIERS;  LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY;  LEARNING;  LEARNING OUTCOMES;  LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT;  LIMITED RESOURCES;  LIVING CONDITIONS;  LIVING CONDITIONS FOR TEACHERS;  LIVING STANDARDS;  LOCAL FARMERS;  MAINSTREAM;  MARKET ECONOMY;  MATERNAL MORTALITY;  MATERNITY LEAVE;  MICRO-CREDIT;  MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES;  MIGRANTS;  MIGRATION;  MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS;  MINISTRY OF EDUCATION;  MOTHER;  MOTHER TONGUE;  MOUNTAINOUS AREAS;  NET ENROLMENT;  NET ENROLMENT RATES;  NEWBORNS;  NUMBER OF MIGRANTS;  NUMBER OF PUPILS;  NUTRITION;  NUTRITION INDICATORS;  NUTRITION STATUS;  NUTRITIONAL STATUS;  OWNERSHIP OF LAND;  PARTICIPATORY POVERTY ASSESSMENTS;  POOR;  POOR GROUPS;  POOR HOUSEHOLDS;  POOR LIVING;  POOR NUTRITION;  POPULATION CHANGE;  POVERTY GAP;  POVERTY LINE;  POVERTY LINES;  POVERTY MEASURES;  POVERTY RATE;  POVERTY REDUCTION;  POVERTY UPDATE;  PREGNANCY;  PRIMARY DATA;  PRIMARY EDUCATION;  PRIMARY ENROLMENTS;  PRIMARY LEVEL;  PRIMARY LOWER SECONDARY;  PRIMARY NET ENROLMENT;  PRIMARY SCHOOL;  PRIMARY SCHOOL AGE;  PRIMARY SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN;  PROGRESS;  PUBLIC SERVICES;  QUALITY OF EDUCATION;  QUALITY TEACHING;  RADIO;  REGIONAL PROGRAMS;  RELIGIOUS BELIEFS;  REMOTE AREAS;  RETURNS TO EDUCATION;  RURAL;  RURAL AREA;  RURAL AREAS;  RURAL DEVELOPMENT;  RURAL GROUPS;  RURAL HOUSEHOLDS;  SAFE DRINKING WATER;  SAFE WATER;  SCHOOL AGE;  SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN;  SCHOOL BUDGETS;  SCHOOL DROP;  SCHOOL DROP-OUTS;  SCHOOL DROPOUTS;  SCHOOL ENROLMENTS;  SCHOOL LEVEL;  SCHOOL QUALITY;  SCHOOL YEAR;  SCHOOLING;  SCHOOLS;  SECONDARY EDUCATION;  SECONDARY SCHOOL;  SECONDARY SCHOOL ENROLMENTS;  SECONDARY SCHOOL LEVEL;  SECONDARY STUDENTS;  SELF-ESTEEM;  SOCIAL ASSISTANCE;  SOCIAL BENEFITS;  SOCIAL CONDITIONS;  SOCIAL NORMS;  SOCIAL POLICY;  SOCIAL PRESSURE;  SOCIAL PROTECTION;  SOCIAL SECURITY;  SOCIETIES;  SOCIETY;  SOVEREIGNTY;  STEREOTYPES;  STEREOTYPING;  TARGETING;  TEACHING METHODS;  TEENAGERS;  TELEVISION;  TOTAL POVERTY;  TRANSPORTATION;  URBAN AREAS;  USE PER CAPITA;  VITAMIN A;  VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY;  VITAMIN A SUPPLEMENTATION;  WAGE EMPLOYMENT;  WORKING MOTHERS;  WORTH;  YOUNG ADULTS;  YOUNG CHILDREN;  YOUNG PEOPLE;  Report;  Rapport;  Informe; 

年份：

2009

出版地：

Washington,USA

语种：

English

摘要：

Although economic reform has brought remarkable progress in poverty reduction in Vietnam, the scale and depth of ethnic minority poverty in Vietnam presents one of the major challenges to achieving the targets for poverty reduction set out in the Socio-Economic Development Plan, as well as the millennium development goals. The authors first review a series of monetary and non-monetary indicators which show the living standards of the ethnic minorities are improving but still lag seriously behind those of the majority Kinh-Hoa. The minorities' lower living standards result from the complex interplay of overlapping disadvantages, which start in utero and continue until adult life. Next an analysis of the drivers of the ethnic gap, in terms of both differences in characteristics and differences in returns to those characteristics, is undertaken. Mean and quantile decompositions show that at least a half of the gap in per capita expenditure can be attributed to the lower returns to characteristics that the ethnic minorities receive. The reasons underlying such differences in returns are discussed, drawing on both quantitative analysis and the large number of qualitative studies on ethnic issues in Vietnam. Finally, some of the short and longer term policy measures which the authors believe could help to counter ethnic disadvantages in the nutrition, education, and employment sectors are discussed. The authors also emphasize the importance of promoting growth that is geographically broad and socially inclusive without which, the current disparities between the Kinh-Hoa and the ethnic minorities will continue to grow.