Fertility Decline in Nicaragua 1980-2006 : A Case Study

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作者：

World Bank

来源地址：

http://hdl.handle.net/10986/27495

关键词：

ABORTION;  ABORTION LAWS;  ACCESS TO EDUCATION;  ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE;  ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES;  ACCESS TO PRIMARY HEALTH CARE;  ADOLESCENT GIRLS;  ADOLESCENTS;  AVAILABILITY OF FAMILY PLANNING;  BASIC NUTRITION;  BIRTH CONTROL;  BIRTH RATES;  BREAST FEEDING;  CASH CROPS;  CHILD HEALTH;  CHILD MORTALITY;  CHILD MORTALITY RATE;  CHILD SURVIVAL;  CHILDREN PER WOMAN;  CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS;  COMPLICATIONS;  CONDOM;  CONDOM USE;  CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY;  CONTRACEPTIVE COMMODITIES;  CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD;  CONTRACEPTIVE OPTIONS;  CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE;  CONTRACEPTIVE SERVICES;  CONTRACEPTIVE SUPPLY;  CONTRACEPTIVE USE;  CULTURAL PRACTICES;  DEMAND FOR CONTRACEPTION;  DEVELOPMENT PLANS;  DISASTERS;  DISEASES;  DOMESTIC VIOLENCE;  DRUGS;  EDUCATED WOMEN;  EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT;  EQUAL RIGHTS;  EQUAL RIGHTS FOR WOMEN;  EQUITABLE ACCESS;  FAMILY PLANNING;  FAMILY PLANNING CLIENTS;  FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES;  FEMALE EDUCATION;  FEMALE STERILIZATION;  FEMININITY;  FEMINIST;  FERTILITY;  FERTILITY DECLINE;  FERTILITY RATE;  FIRST BIRTH;  FIRST INTERCOURSE;  FORMAL EDUCATION;  FREE CONTRACEPTIVES;  GENDER EQUITY;  GROSS NATIONAL INCOME;  HEALTH CARE;  HEALTH CARE SERVICES;  HEALTH COALITION;  HEALTH EDUCATION;  HEALTH POLICIES;  HEALTH SECTOR;  HEALTH SECTOR REFORM;  HEALTH SYSTEM;  HEALTH WORKERS;  HOSPITAL;  HOUSEHOLD WORK;  HUMAN DEVELOPMENT;  HUMAN RIGHT;  ILLITERACY;  IMMUNIZATIONS;  INDIGENOUS GROUPS;  INDIGENOUS PEOPLE;  INFANT;  INFANT MORTALITY;  INFANT MORTALITY RATE;  INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION;  INTERNATIONAL WOMEN;  IUD;  LABOR FORCE;  LABOR MARKET;  LEGAL ABORTIONS;  LEVELS OF EDUCATION;  LIFE EXPECTANCY;  LIVE BIRTHS;  LOW-INCOME POPULATIONS;  LOWER FERTILITY;  MANAGEMENT OF POPULATION;  MARKET ECONOMY;  MASCULINITY;  MATERNAL MORTALITY DATA;  MATERNAL MORTALITY RATES;  MATERNAL MORTALITY RATIO;  MATERNAL ROLE;  MEASLES;  METHOD OF CONTRACEPTION;  MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL;  MINISTRY OF HEALTH;  MODERN FAMILY;  MODERN FAMILY PLANNING;  MODERN FAMILY PLANNING METHODS;  MORTALITY DECLINE;  MOTHER;  MUTUAL RESPECT;  NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT;  NATIONAL POPULATION;  NATIONAL POPULATION POLICY;  NATURAL DISASTERS;  NEED FOR FAMILY PLANNING;  NEONATAL MORTALITY;  NUMBER OF BIRTHS;  NURSES;  NUTRITION;  OLDER AGE GROUPS;  PARENTHOOD FEDERATION;  PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN;  PHARMACIES;  POLICE FORCE;  POLITICAL TURMOIL;  POPULATION ACTION;  POPULATION ACTION INTERNATIONAL;  POPULATION COMMISSION;  POPULATION COUNCIL;  POPULATION DISTRIBUTION;  POPULOUS COUNTRIES;  PRACTITIONERS;  PREGNANCY;  PRIMARY EDUCATION;  PRIMARY HEALTH CARE;  PRIMARY HEALTH CARE SYSTEM;  PRIMARY HEALTH FACILITIES;  PRIMARY SCHOOL;  PROGRESS;  PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE;  PUBLIC EDUCATION;  PUBLIC HEALTH;  PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM;  QUALITY OF LIFE;  RAPE;  REDUCING MATERNAL MORTALITY;  RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS;  REPLACEMENT LEVEL;  REPRODUCTIVE AGE;  REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH;  REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH PROGRAM;  REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH SERVICES;  REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS;  RIGHT OF COUPLES;  RURAL AREAS;  RURAL WOMEN;  SECONDARY EDUCATION;  SECONDARY SCHOOL;  SECONDARY SCHOOL ENROLMENT;  SECONDARY SCHOOLING;  SERVICE DELIVERY;  SERVICE PROVISION;  SEX;  SEX EDUCATION;  SEXUAL VIOLENCE;  SEXUALITY;  SEXUALLY ACTIVE;  SITUATION OF WOMEN;  SOCIAL CHANGES;  SOCIAL CONDITIONS;  SOCIAL INEQUITY;  SOCIAL MARKETING;  SOCIAL POLICIES;  SOCIAL SECURITY;  SOCIAL SERVICES;  SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT;  STATE UNIVERSITY;  TELEVISION;  THERAPEUTIC ABORTION;  THERAPEUTIC ABORTIONS;  UNFPA;  UNIONS;  UNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUND;  UNIVERSITY EDUCATION;  UNMARRIED ADOLESCENT;  UNPLANNED PREGNANCIES;  UNSAFE ABORTION;  UNWANTED PREGNANCIES;  URBAN AREAS;  URBAN WOMEN;  VIRGIN;  WAR;  WOMAN;  WORK FORCE;  WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;  YOUNG PEOPLE;  YOUNG WOMEN;  Report;  Rapport;  Informe; 

年份：

2010

出版地：

Washington,USA

语种：

English

摘要：

Nicaragua, a largely urban country (56 percent of the population lives in urban areas), is one of the least populous (5.53 million) and poorest countries in CentralAmerica. Following reforms in the 1980s, Nicaragua made remarkable progress in gender equity in education and the labor force, while the wide availability of primary health care initiated in the 1970's, including family planning services, led to improvements in infant and child mortality rates. Several lessons emerge from Nicaragua's success at reducing fertility. The government was committed to gender equity and female empowerment through educating girls and women and recruiting women into the labor force. Family planning services were provided within a well functioning primary health care system, including an extensive, efficient contraceptive distribution network that works with international donors, and international and national Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) to offer women a good mix of options. Demand must be created through a timely public education campaign. Success requires civic engagement with stakeholders, which may initially mean avoiding unnecessary confrontation and publicity of services for addressing the concerns of more conservative stakeholders.