Household Cookstoves, Environment, Health, and Climate Change : A New Look at an Old Problem

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作者：

World Bank

来源地址：

http://hdl.handle.net/10986/27589

关键词：

ACCESS TO MODERN ENERGY;  AEROSOL EMISSIONS;  AEROSOLS;  AGRICULTURAL RESIDUE;  AIR;  AIR FLOW;  AIR POLLUTION;  AIR QUALITY;  ANTENATAL CARE;  APPROACH;  ATMOSPHERE;  AVAILABILITY;  BALANCE;  BIOMASS;  BIOMASS BURNING;  BIOMASS COLLECTION;  BIOMASS COMBUSTION;  BIOMASS ENERGY;  BIOMASS ENERGY USE;  BIOMASS FUEL;  BIOMASS FUELS;  BIOMASS RESOURCES;  BIOMASS USE;  BLACK CARBON;  BLACK CARBON EMISSIONS;  BURNING GAS;  CANCER;  CARBON DIOXIDE;  CARBON FINANCE;  CARBON MARKET;  CARBON MONOXIDE;  CH4;  CHARCOAL PRODUCTION;  CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM;  CLIMATE;  CLIMATE CHANGE;  CLOUDS;  CO;  CO2;  COAL;  COLORS;  COMBUSTION;  COMBUSTION CHAMBERS;  COMBUSTION EFFICIENCY;  COMBUSTION EMISSIONS;  COMBUSTION OF BIOMASS;  COMBUSTION PROCESS;  COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT;  COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE;  CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS;  COST SAVINGS;  CROP RESIDUES;  CUMULATIVE EMISSIONS;  DEFORESTATION;  DEVELOPED COUNTRIES;  ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES;  ECONOMICS;  EFFICIENT USE;  ELECTRIC APPLIANCES;  ELECTRIC GENERATORS;  ELECTRICITY;  EMISSION;  ENERGY CONSERVATION;  ENERGY CONSUMPTION;  ENERGY DEVELOPMENT;  ENERGY EFFICIENCY;  ENERGY NEEDS;  ENERGY SERVICE;  ENERGY SOURCES;  ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES;  ENERGY TECHNOLOGY;  ENVIRONMENTAL;  ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS;  ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES;  ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS;  ENVIRONMENTS;  EPIDEMIOLOGY;  EXPENDITURES;  FAMILIES;  FOOD PREPARATION;  FOREST;  FOREST CARBON;  FOREST DEGRADATION;  FOREST INVESTMENT;  FORESTRY;  FOSSIL;  FOSSIL FUELS;  FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE;  FUEL;  FUEL COMBUSTION;  FUEL CONSUMPTION;  FUEL COSTS;  FUEL EFFICIENCY;  FUEL PRICE;  FUEL PRICES;  FUEL PRODUCTION;  FUEL SUBSTITUTION;  FUEL SWITCHING;  FUEL TYPE;  FUEL TYPES;  FUEL USE;  FUELS;  GASIFIER;  GENERATION;  GHG;  GHGS;  GLOBAL EMISSIONS;  GLOBAL EMISSIONS REDUCTION;  GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT;  GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY;  GLOBAL GREENHOUSE;  GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS;  GLOBAL WARMING;  GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL;  GOLD;  GREENHOUSE;  GREENHOUSE GASES;  GRID ELECTRICITY;  GRID RENEWABLE ENERGY;  GWP;  HEALTH EDUCATION;  HEALTH PROBLEMS;  HEALTH RISKS;  HEAT;  HEAT TRANSFER;  HOUSEHOLD COOKING;  HOUSEHOLD ENERGY;  HUMAN HEALTH;  HYDROCARBONS;  HYDROGEN;  INCOME;  INSULATION;  INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY;  INTERVENTION;  IRON;  KEROSENE;  KEROSENE LAMPS;  LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS;  LIQUID FUELS;  LIVING SPACE;  LIVING STANDARDS;  MARKETING;  METHANE;  MODERN FUELS;  MOISTURE CONTENT;  N2O;  NITROUS OXIDE;  OIL;  OIL EQUIVALENT;  ORGANIC CARBON;  OXYGEN;  PARTICLES;  PARTICULATE;  PARTICULATE MATTER;  PARTICULATES;  PETROLEUM;  PILOT PROJECTS;  PM10;  POLICY MAKERS;  PREGNANT WOMEN;  PRODUCERS;  PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY;  QUALITY CONTROL;  QUALITY OF ENERGY;  QUALITY OF LIFE;  QUALITY STANDARDS;  REDUCING EMISSIONS;  RENEWABLE BIOMASS;  RENEWABLE ENERGY;  RENEWABLE ENERGY PROGRAM;  RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE;  RESOURCE MANAGEMENT;  RURAL ELECTRIFICATION;  RURAL ENERGY;  SAND;  SMOKE;  SMOKING;  SOLAR HOME SYSTEM;  SOLAR HOME SYSTEMS;  SOLID BIOMASS;  SOLID FUELS;  SUGARCANE;  SUNLIGHT;  SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;  SUSTAINABLE ENERGY;  SUSTAINABLE FOREST;  SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT;  TONS OF CARBON;  TRADITIONAL BIOMASS;  TRADITIONAL FUELS;  USER BENEFITS;  VENTILATION;  WALKING;  WORKERS;  Report;  Rapport;  Informe; 

年份：

2011

出版地：

Washington,USA

语种：

English

摘要：

Open fires and primitive stoves have been used for cooking since the beginning of human history. They have come in various sizes and styles, having been adapted to myriad cultures and food preparation methods. As society has progressed, more sophisticated stove models have been developed. Today's modern kitchens reflect the many types of standardized and specialized cooking devices available, from coffee and tea pots to toasters and gas cook tops. But in many developing countries worldwide, the poor still burn biomass energy to meet their household cooking needs. These open fires are fairly inefficient at converting energy into heat for cooking; the amount of biomass fuel needed each year for basic cooking can reach up to two tons per family. In addition, collecting this fuel sometimes can take an hour a day on average. Furthermore, these open fires and primitive cook stoves emit a significant amount of smoke, which fills the home; this indoor cooking smoke has been associated with a number of diseases, the most serious of which are chronic and acute respiratory illnesses, such as bronchitis and pneumonia. This report takes a fresh look at what new approaches might be used to tackle this well known yet complex multi-sector issue. Although there are other ways to reduce household air pollution, including inter fuel substitution and household ventilation, this study focuses mainly on the recently developed biomass cook stoves for developing countries and their financing models and sources. Known by many as 'advanced biomass cook stoves,' these new cook stoves generally have better energy-combustion properties and reduce fuel consumption by about half. Such innovations warrant the development of a more serious program to deal with both the emissions and health issues resulting from cooking with open fires or traditional biomass cook stoves.