Metropolitan Governance in Brazil : Inputs for an Agenda and Strategy

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作者：

World Bank Group

来源地址：

http://hdl.handle.net/10986/22052

关键词：

URBAN TRANSPORT;  SANITATION;  CAPITALS;  FINANCE INFRASTRUCTURE;  EMPLOYMENT;  AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY;  METRO RAIL;  AUTOMOBILE;  GASOLINE TAX;  URBANIZATION;  ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION;  TRANSPORTATION SUBSIDIES;  URBAN GROWTH;  AIRPORT;  BUS SYSTEM;  METROPOLITAN TRANSPORTATION;  SUBWAY;  PRINCIPAL;  INTEREST;  LAND USE POLICIES;  LAWS;  RAPID TRANSIT;  INDUSTRY;  LOCAL GOVERNMENTS;  STRATEGIES;  FARES;  SERVICES;  TREND;  TAX COLLECTION;  EMISSIONS;  ELASTICITY;  SEWAGE;  PUBLIC SERVICES;  HOUSING;  GASOLINE;  PRIVATE TRANSPORT;  TOLL;  PROJECTS;  SUBSIDY;  NEIGHBORHOODS;  TRAFFIC;  TAX;  INCOME TAX;  FISCAL FEDERALISM;  WEALTH;  AIR;  GREENHOUSE GAS;  INFLATION;  TRANSPORT SERVICES;  TRANSPORT INVESTMENT;  TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE;  MUNICIPALITIES;  LOCAL TRANSPORTATION;  ROAD SYSTEM;  MASS RAPID TRANSIT;  PUBLIC HOUSING;  ROAD;  COSTS;  REGIONAL TRANSIT;  AIR POLLUTION;  TRAINING;  TRANSPORT;  POPULATION GROWTH;  TRANSIT SERVICE;  PORT AUTHORITY;  RESOURCE MOBILIZATION;  METROPOLITAN AREAS;  MOBILITY;  EXTERNALITIES;  TRIPS;  CRITERIA;  MARKETS;  DRAINAGE;  FLOOR AREA;  DEFICITS;  LEGISLATION;  TRUE;  POLLUTION;  LABOR;  SUBURBS;  CAPITAL INVESTMENTS;  ROUTE;  DEMAND FOR TRANSIT;  SUBSIDIES;  FINANCE;  GRANTS;  INFRASTRUCTURE;  TAXES;  LAND USE;  BUSES;  BUS;  EQUITY;  INITIATIVES;  CONGESTION;  TRAVEL;  TRANSPORTATION;  TRANSIT;  WAGES;  CLIMATE CHANGE;  POLICIES;  TRANSPARENCY;  SOCIAL SERVICES;  INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCING;  VALUE;  BANK;  HOUSING DEVELOPMENT;  TRAINS;  ACCESSIBILITY;  FLOOR AREA RATIO;  INCOME DISTRIBUTION;  PUBLIC TRANSPORT;  PROPERTY;  TOLL ROADS;  TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS;  INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS;  RAILWAY;  HIGHWAYS;  URBAN DEVELOPMENT;  STREETS;  BRIDGE;  AFFORDABLE HOUSING;  SUBSIDIARY;  TAX REVENUE;  ROADS;  GOVERNANCE;  CAR;  LAND;  ECONOMIES OF SCALE;  RISK;  REGIONAL TRANSPORTATION;  AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES;  PUBLIC PARTICIPATION;  RAIL;  TRANSIT AUTHORITY;  DECENTRALIZATION;  INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT;  TRANSPORT SYSTEM;  INVESTMENTS;  RISK MANAGEMENT;  LIGHT RAIL;  AFFORDABLE HOUSING DEVELOPMENT;  LABOR MARKETS;  GOVERNMENTS;  SAFETY;  PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION;  TRANSPORT POLICIES;  SUBURBAN RAIL;  URBAN TRANSPORTATION;  LAND SUPPLY;  Report;  Rapport;  Informe; 

年份：

2015

出版地：

Washington,USA

语种：

English

摘要：

In less than fifty years, Brazil evolved from a predominantly rural society and economy to a highly urbanized country in which 85 percent of its people now live in urban areas and more than 90 percent of the country's GDP is generated in the cities. This rapid urbanization process was characterized by a lack of planning and an enduring framework of inequality, resulting in high degrees of concentrated poverty in the urban areas. Much of this urbanization has taken place in metropolitan regions (MRs). MRs have grown more rapidly than the rest of the country, both in population and in GDP terms. In 2010, per capita GDP was higher in MRs than in the rest of the country and metropolitan economies accounted for 70 percent of GDP. At the same time, half of the Brazilian poor and 90 percent of the people living in subnormal conditions were found in metropolitan regions. The recent approval of a new framework for metropolitan governance inBrazil creates the opportunity for debate and evolution regarding several key issues. These include: a) placing metropolitan matters at the forefront of the development arena in Brazil; b) reviewing what has been learned about inter-municipal governance and service delivery; c) estimating resource mobilization needs for metropolitan development; d) coordinating metropolitan land use with transport and housing; e) including metropolitan concerns in any revision of fiscal federalism; and f) promoting environmental sustainability, social inclusion and resilience to disasters and climate change plans at the metropolitan scale. The World Bank can be a partner in addressing these issues. In responding to client demand, the Bank has been providing a range of support to Brazilian states and cities and especially their low- income populations in the areas of infrastructure, social services, slum upgrading, institutional development, river basin management, local economic development, environmental protection, water and sanitation, and transportation.