A neurosurgical robot navigation and positioning system and method are disclosed. The system comprises: a motion executing device(101), a spatial position sensor(102), an equipped position marker unit(103) and a computer device(104)； wherein the computer device(104) is connected to the motion executing device(101) and the spatial position sensor(102), and configured to create a surgery plan on a digital graphic image, the surgery plan comprising a lesion position which is precisely self-targeted and a motion path thereof； the spatial position sensor(102) is configured to capture the equipped position marker unit(103) such that the computer device(104) implements position mapping between different spatial coordinate systems； and the motion execution device(101) is mounted with a surgical instrument(111), and configured to generate a specific motion scheme according to the lesion position which is precisely self-targeted and the motion path thereof and the position mapping between the different spatial coordinate systems, precisely self-target a lesion position, and securely lock the surgical instrument(111) to support a surgical operation.
