The present invention discloses a phantom and a bimodal detection method of three-dimensional breast imaging quality, said phantom comprises a three-dimensional breast-shaped phantom structure prepared in high gel density agarose gel and containing polyethylene, polyethylene being a material equivalent to adipose tissue during X-ray irradiation, the hydrogen protons relaxation time of the agarose gel in a 3 T magnetic field is equivalent to that of human adipose tissue, vascular tissue ghosts and lobule phantoms of the mammary glands are distributed inside the breast-shaped phantom structure, the phantom can be used in both imaging systems, magnetic resonance and X-ray mammography, to detect and analyze the quality mammary imaging, the materials are elastic, and can be pressed onto a mammography X-rays for imaging, they can also be placed vertically in the mammary gland magnetic resonance coil to perform a tomography, performing two modes of imaging for the same phantom, the field of applications is thus increased.
