Embodiments of the disclosure are directed to apparatuses, methods and computer program products for determining cardiac output. An exemplary method comprises: receiving blood pressure data； determining a standard deviation associated with the blood pressure data； determining a pulse rate associated with the blood pressure data； determining a compliance factor associated with the blood pressure data； determining a function associated with the blood pressure data； and determining the cardiac output based on the standard deviation, the pulse rate, the compliance, and the function.
