Presented herein are efficient and reliable systems and methods for calculating and extracting three-dimensional central axes of bones of animal subjects—；for example, animal subjects scanned by in vivo or ex vivo microCT platforms—；to capture both the general and localized tangential directions of the bone, along with its shape, form, curvature, and orientation. With bone detection and segmentation algorithms, the skeletal bones of animal subjects scanned by CT or microCT scanners can be detected, segmented, and visualized. Three dimensional central axes determined using these methods provide important information about the skeletal bones.
