This disclosure provides methods of treating a myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) in a subject that is naive to treatment with an agent selected from a hypomethylating agent (HMA) and lenalidomide, or both. The method includes administering to the subject an effective amount of a telomerase inhibitor, such as e.g. imetelstat or imetelstat sodium. In some cases, the subject treated is classified as low or intermediate-1 IPSS risk MDS and/or have MDS relapsed/refractory to Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agent (ESA).本揭露提供治療個體中之骨髓增生不良症候群(MDS)之方法，該個體係未接受過選自去甲基化劑(HMA)及來那度胺、或兩者的藥劑治療。該方法包括向該個體投予有效量的端粒酶抑制劑，諸如例如伊美司他或伊美司他鈉。在一些情況下，所治療的個體分類為低或中度-1 IPSS風險MDS且/或對紅血球生成刺激劑(ESA)具有MDS復發性/難治性。
