A dialysis system (40, 50) is described. The system comprises a filter (10, 30) having a housing (11, 34) and a linear bundle of hollow fibers (18, 20) with (i) processed nanoclay particles (25) embedded in the walls of the fibers (18, 20) or (ii) processed nanoclay particles (25) within a lumen of the fibers (18, 20). The processed nanoclay particles (25) have at least one dimension from about 1 nm to about 200 nm, are configured to absorb waste product ions from the dialysis fluid, and comprise ions for refreshing and renewing the dialysis fluid by replacing the waste product ions to produce a refreshed and renewed dialysis fluid that is suitable for reuse. The filter (10, 30) is configured to allow a used dialysis fluid to flow through the filter (10, 30).
