PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst exhibiting an excellent catalytic activity, in an oxidative dehydrogenation reaction for obtaining a n-monoolefin or an i- monoolefin such as butene and a conjugated diene such as 1,3-butadiene by performing an oxidative dehydrogenation reaction of a hydrocarbon raw material including a n-paraffin or an i-paraffin such as butane, or in an oxidative dehydrogenation reaction for obtaining a conjugated diene such as 1,3-butadiene by performing an oxidative dehydrogenation reaction of a hydrocarbon raw material including a n-monoolefin or an i-monoolefin such as butene.SOLUTION: An oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst for performing an oxidative dehydrogenation reaction of a paraffin having 3 to 5 carbon atoms or a monoolefin having 3 to 5 carbon atoms contained in a hydrocarbon raw material contains nickel atoms and aluminum atoms. The hydrocarbon raw material comprises a hydrocarbon raw material including a paraffin having 3 to 5 carbon atoms,
