Phthalazinediones that function as intracellular redox modulators are usefulin treating cells in various disease states where intracellular redox statusis impaired. By buffering aberrant redox states, phthalazinediones enablecellular processes essential for survival and augment medical treatments. Thephthalazinediones of the invention can modulate functions related to cellgrowth, differentiation, activity, or death, to correct aberrations andrestore homeostasis, and can serve as adjunctive therapy in treating variousdisease conditions.