Provided herein are methods or reactivating a latent Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection in a cell. The methods comprise modulating a level of NF-kappaB activity in the cell by contacting the cell with an agent that produces a transient first increase in the level of NF-kappaB activity without a second delayed increase in NF-kappaB activity. Optionally, a second agent is used to prime the reactivation. Also provided herein is an isolated Massilia bacterium or population thereof capable of producing a HIV-1 reactivating factor (HRF). Also provided are methods of culturing the Massilia bacteria. Further provided are methods of reactivating a latent Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) infection in a subject comprising administering to the subject a HIV-1 reactivating factor produced by Massilia bacteria, optionally with a priming agent.
