A position detection system includes: a cylindrical detection coil configured to detect a magnetic field generated by a magnetic field generation unit and a calculation unit configured to calculate at least one of a position and a direction of the magnetic field generation unit based on the magnetic field detected by the detection coil. A relationship between a diameter Ds and a length Ls in a winding direction, of the detection coil, satisfies Formula (1), and each of coefficients G1, G2, and G3 in Formula (1) is respectively given by each of Formulae (2), (3) and (4).G1(LSDS)2+G2(LSDS)+G3≦0.2(1)G1=-1.7310-5DS2+7.3610-3DS-4.7110-2(2)G2=3.7410-5DS2-1.5410-3DS+1.1610-2(3)G3=-8.9610-5DS2-1.7410-3DS+1.3010-2(4)