Embodiments of the invention are generally directed to compositions comprising lightening agents, nicotinamide and 3,3′-thiodipropanoic acid, in a cosmetically acceptable vehicle, articles of manufacture, and methods of use thereof. The compositions and methods of described herein are effective to lighten an area of skin in need of lightening, such as but not limited to, a subject having overall dark complexion, pigmented skin discoloration, freckles, age spots, liver spots, sun damage, tans, pigmented acne marks, scars, pigmented birthmarks, hyperpigmentation, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, post-injury hyperpigmentation, melasma, cholasma, after-burn scar, nail stain, yellowing of skin, dark circles under eyes, and the like. The composition may include additional ingredients accordingly for a colored cosmetic, moisturizer, cleanser, toner, and the like.
