Systems, methods, and devices are provided for determining an impedance measurement of a sample of fluid on a test strip having a base layer, at least two drive electrodes disposed on the base layer and in electrical communication with a current-source (Iac) for flowing an AC current provided by the current-source (Iac) through a fluid sample between the at least two drive electrodes, and at least two sense electrodes disposed on the base layer and positioned between the at least two drive electrodes, each of the at least two sense electrodes configured for measuring a difference in an AC potential therebetween to determine an impedance measurement of the fluid sample between the at least two sense electrodes.
