A medical imaging system includes a radiographing apparatus and an image processing apparatus. The radiographing apparatus is provided with a Talbot or Talbot-Lau interferometer and includes an X-ray source, an X-ray detector, and a subject table. The image processing apparatus generates at least one of an X-ray absorption image, a differential phase image, and a small-angle scattering image of the subject using an image signal and a background signal obtained through subject radiographing and background radiographing, respectively. The background radiographing is performed with a member held instead of the subject. The member has a material and/or thickness to create change in energy spectrum of X-rays equivalent to change in energy spectrum of X-rays created by the subject.
