The subject matter of the present invention is a cosmetic or dermatological composition comprising a continuous aqueous phase in which are dispersed vesicles based on at least one alkyl polypentoside, and also comprising at least one alcohol and at least one surfactant. More specifically, the cosmetic or dermatological composition comprises at least one cosmetic or dermatological active agent and at least one continuous aqueous phase in which vesicles are dispersed, - wherein said vesicles comprise at least one alkyl polypentoside obtained by reaction of a pentose and of at least a first fatty alcohol and a second fatty alcohol comprising a different number of carbon atoms ranging from 10 to 12, wherein said polypentoside has an average degree of polymerization of less than or equal to 2, - and wherein said composition also comprises at least one surfactant with an HLB of less than 10, and at least one alcohol having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms. The present invention also relates to a method for preparing the composition, which consists in bringing a mixture comprising alkyl polypentoside, the surfactant and the alcohol into contact with an aqueous phase with stirring.La présente invention a pour objet une composition cosmétique ou dermatologique à phase aqueuse continue dans laquelle sont dispersées des vésicules à base d'au moins un polypentoside d'alkyle, et comprenant en outre au moins un alcool et au moins un agent tensioactif. Plus précisément, la composition cosmétique ou dermatologique comprend au moins un agent actif cosmétique ou dermatologique et au moins une phase aqueuse continue dans laquelle sont dispersées des vésicules, - lesdites vésicules comprenant au moins un polypentoside d'alkyle obtenu par réaction d'un pentose et d'au moins un premier et un deuxième alcools gras comprenant un nombre différent d'atomes de carbone allant de 10 à 12, ledit polypentoside ayant un degré de polymérisation moyen inférieur ou égal à 2, et - ladite composition comprenan
