Methods and compositions for modulating an immune response in a mammal infected with a bacterium, a virus, or a parasite are provided. The methods and compositions are useful in mammals experiencing an acute infection and in mammals experiencing a chronic infection. The methods and compositions may be used in conjunction with a known treatment for infection of a mammal by an infectious agent. Methods and compositions for transmucosal delivery of a molecule comprising an epitope located in close proximity to the immune response are provided.
