Methods and systems for thermoregulation of injured tissue, medical specimens and other perishable materials are disclosed. Thermoregulation systems can comprise a thermoelectric device comprising a thermoelectric element within a flexible sleeve such that the sleeve can be applied circumferentially within an orthopedic positioner. Methods for shipping medical specimens under precise temperature control are disclosed by actively regulating the temperature within containers and at the surface of the specimen. Methods for treating injured tissue that demonstrate increased precision and control are disclosed.
