The present disclosure provides methods of mimicking epinephrine plasma pharmacokinetic parameters/plasma epinephrine levels of an at least one l-epinephrine injection in humans with an at least one intranasal dosage of an inhalable l-epinephrine formulation adapted for transmucosal absorption. Dosages for sublingual or buccal absorption and/or oral inhalation are also provided. These methods may be helpful when l-epinephrine injection is not available or not possible. The present disclosure also provides methods of pretreating breathing difficulty before intranasal treatment of anaphylaxis. The present disclosure allows formulations for intranasal administration of l-epinephrine to be conveniently carried by soldiers and others, such as in a remote location or battlefield, and such as when emergency medical services are not readily available or accessible. The methods may be able to sustain life and restore proper blood perfusion when someone is having cardiopulmonary difficulty until medical help or transport can arrive.
