According to some embodiments, a method for improving functional recovery after cerebro-vascular accidents, such as strokes, in humans and animals comprises stimulating a cranial nerve with electrical current. According to some embodiments, a method for improving functional recovery after stroke in a human or animal in need thereof comprises applying to the cranial nerve of the human or animal a stimulating electrical signal that causes neurophysiological, morphological, chemical, or neuronal connective alteration in the brain, where the alteration changes neural function in the brain so as to change functional recovery and functional dynamics in the human or animal. According to some embodiments, a method for improving functional recovery after stroke in a human or animal in need thereof comprises applying to a first cranial nerve a first stimulating electrical signal optimized so as to promote stroke recovery. The method may further comprise applying to one or more of the first cranial nerve and a second cranial nerve a second stimulating electrical signal optimized so as to control a concomitant dysfunction.
