The present invention provides diagnostic methods, therapeutic methods, and compositions for the treatment of cancer (e.g., a bladder cancer (e.g., UC, e.g., mUC), a kidney cancer, a lung cancer, a liver cancer, an ovarian cancer, a pancreatic cancer, a colorectal cancer, or a breast cancer). The invention is based, at least in part, on the discovery that expression levels of one or more biomarkers described herein in a sample from an individual having cancer can be used in methods of identifying an individual having a cancer who may benefit with an anti-cancer therapy that includes an immunotherapy (e.g., a PD-L1 axis binding antagonist such as an anti-PD-L1 antibody (e.g., atezolizumab)) and a suppressive stromal antagonist (e.g., a TGF-β antagonist), methods for selecting a therapy for an individual having cancer, methods of treating an individual having cancer, methods for assessing a response or monitoring the response of an individual to treatment with an anti-cancer therapy that includes an immunotherapy (e.g., a PD-L1 axis binding antagonist such as an anti-PD-L1 antibody (e.g., atezolizumab)) and a suppressive stromal antagonist (e.g., a TGF-β antagonist), and related kits, anti-cancer therapies, and uses.本發明提供癌症(例如膀胱癌(例如UC，例如mUC)、腎癌、肺癌、肝癌、卵巢癌、胰腺癌、結腸直腸癌或乳癌)之診斷方法、治療方法及用於治療該癌症之組合物。本發明至少部分地基於以下發現：來自患有癌症之個體之樣品中本文所描述之一或多種生物標記物之表現水準可用於以下各項中：鑑別可受益於包括免疫療法(例如PD-L1軸結合拮抗劑，諸如抗PD-L1抗體(例如阿替珠單抗))及阻抑性基質拮抗劑(例如TGF-β拮抗劑)之抗癌療法之患有癌症之個體的方法、用於為患有癌症之個體選擇療法之方法、治療患有癌症之個體之方法、用於評價個體對利用包括免疫療法(例如，PD-L1軸結合拮抗劑，諸如抗PD-L1抗體(例如，阿替珠單抗))及阻抑性基質拮抗劑(例如，TGF-β拮抗劑)之抗癌療法進行治療之反應或監測該反應之方法，及相關套組、抗癌療法，及用途。
