An object of the present invention is to provide a hollow fiber membrane that can achieve stable performance in response to increases in blood flow rate and filtration rate by optimizing a structure of a dense layer on an inner surface of the hollow fiber membrane. The present invention provides a hollow fiber membrane including a cellulose acetate-based polymer, in which when an inner surface of the hollow fiber membrane is observed under an atomic force microscope, a plurality of groove-like recesses oriented in a lengthwise direction of the hollow fiber membrane are observed, an average length of the recesses is greater than or equal to 200 nm and less than or equal to 500 nm, an average width of the recesses is greater than or equal to 15 nm and less than or equal to 50 nm, and an aspect ratio defined as a ratio of the average length to the average width of each of the recesses is greater than or equal to 6 and less than or equal to 22.
