A formulation including at least one silver oxide including a silver(II) oxide, the silver(II) oxide having an irregular macrocrystal structure, the silver oxide having an average particle size (D50) below 8 micrometers, the irregular macrocrystal structure characterized by a diffraction peak in a {111} diffraction plane having at least one of the following structural properties: (i) a measured full width half maximum (FWHM) of the peak being at least 0.24 degrees of 2θ； and (ii) a net full width half maximum (net FWHM) of the peak being at least 0.14 degrees of 2θ.
