It is disclosed herein that viruses coated in silica retain infectivity and the capacity to induce an immune response in an infected host. In addition silicifled virus is remarkably resistant to desiccation. Provided herein are methods of inducing a virus specific immune response in a subject by administering to the subject an effective amount of silicified virus or silicified virus particles. Methods of enhancing a virus specific cell mediated immune response (such as aT cell mediated immune response) in a subject by administering to the subject a silicified virus or silicified virus particles are also described herein. Further provided are immunogenic compositions comprising silicified virus or silicified virus particles such as compositions useful as vaccines. The immunogenic compositions include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or an adjuvant.
