A system for manufacturing an artificial construct suitable for transplantation into a biological organism that includes a two or three three-dimensional preform that is based on the actual two or three-dimensional structure of a native mammalian tissue； and an electrospinning apparatus, wherein the electrospinning apparatus is operative to deposit at least one layer of polymer fibers on the preform to form a polymer scaffold, and wherein the orientation of the fibers in the scaffold relative to one another is substantially parallel.
