A pump comprises a plurality of electroosmotic membranes comprising one or more positive electroosmotic membranes and one or more negative electroosmotic membranes and a plurality of electrodes comprising one or more cathodes and one or more anodes. The electrodes are pre-charged, chargeable, rechargeable or combinations thereof and the cathode and anode are operatively coupled to each other. The positive electroosmotic membranes and negative electroosmotic membranes are disposed alternatively and at least one cathode is disposed on one side of one of the membranes and at least one anode is disposed on another side of that membrane, and wherein at least one cathode or anode is disposed between a positive electroosmotic membrane and a negative electroosmotic membrane. The pump is an electroosmotic pump.
