Improved systems and methods for performing laser based treatment of hard and soft tissues, e.g., bone, skin, and connective tissue, are described. The system can feature a laser adapted to produce a peak output power significantly higher than the output power produced by conventional laser-based dental treatment systems. In some instances, the system features high definition imagers for real-time, on-axis visualization and spatial measurement of the surgical region, which can include rendering 3D images. In some implementations, the system is adapted to deliver a laser beam polarized to align with the collagen fibers of bone tissue, to enhance cutting performance. In some implementations, the system is adapted to image the treatment region with polarized light, which can enable improved visualization of nerves and other anatomical structures.
