Non-invasive, outcome-confirmed renal denervation procedures include assessments performed before, during, and after an ablation procedure. Stimulation operations can be performed by ultrasound application apart from ablation and/or heating operations to determine the presence and/or condition of a renal nerve in a targeted region. Consistent nerve ablation can be achieved (e.g., in a spontaneous hypertensive patient) by assessing the pathophysiology of renal denervation via (1) reduction of blood pressure and/or (2) kidney and serum norepinephrine concentration.
