A method to stop persistent fence-breaking behavior of crop-raiding ‘Habitual Raider’ (HRs) elephants constructs fences that are fitted with bells every 10 ft-20 ft around crop fields needing protection, and affixes bells to pre-existing fences. The HRs are conditioned by punishment that causes pain but not injury immediately after they sound the bells in an attempt to break through the fences. Afterwards the bells become a signal for the HRs that punishment is coming, eventually causing the HRs to be deterred by the sound of the bells alone, without having to use bear-scare darts or rubber bullets again.
