Methods of bioprinting a bio-ink construct on an internal tissue defect or a chondral defect during a minimally invasive surgery on an individual in need thereof are provided, comprising: visualizing the defect； positioning a bioprinter comprising a printhead within proximity of or in contact with the defect； and ejecting a bio-ink from the printhead onto the defect to form a bio-ink layer, thereby generating a bio-ink construct. Further provided are systems for bioprinting a bio-ink construct on an internal tissue defect during a minimally invasive surgery on an individual in need thereof, comprising a control system, an endoscope, and a bioprinter comprising a printhead.
