The disclosure provides method and materials for preparing biosensors (e.g., in vitro test strips and in vivo sensors) with improved mechanical properties. In some aspects, for example, the electrochemical sensors have improved durability and are better able to withstand mechanical and electrochemical stresses such as those encountered during manufacturing, transportation, storage, and use (e.g., in vivo positioning, in vivo operation, or in vitro operation). Also for example, in some aspects the electrochemical sensors are less susceptible to pinholes and other manufacturing defects that degrade performance in traditional sensors.
