The present invention relates to a neurodegenerative disease treatment use, which is a novel use of Ramalin, and, more specifically, to a composition for preventing or treating neurodegenerative diseases, containing Ramalin, which has an inflammasome and BACE1 expression inhibitory activity. Ramalin according to the present invention has an effect of improving a cognitive ability by inhibiting the expression of an inflammatory factor, which contains an NLRP inflammasome protein, and BACE1, and is thus useful for preventing or treating memory disorder and neurodegenerative diseases.