According to one aspect, the invention relates to a device (100) for remote polarimetric characterisation of a sample (S). It comprises a source (10) for emitting at least one incident light wave at at least one first wavelength (λE) a monomode optical fibre (30) in which the incident light wave is intended to propagate a polarisation state generator (PSG) arranged on the proximal side of the optical fibre a reflector (40) intended to be arranged on the distal side of the optical fibre a polarisation state analyser (PSA) arranged on the proximal side of the optical fibre and allowing, for each probe state of the incident wave generated by the polarisation state generator, the polarisation of the light wave obtained after propagation of the incident wave in the optical fibre (30), reflection from the distal side of the optical fibre and reverse propagation in the optical fibre (30), to be analysed. Processing means (70) make it possible to determine, from a first polarimetric characterisation of the optical fibre, a Mueller matrix (MF) associated with the optical fibre, and, from a second polarimetric characterisation of the assembly comprising the optical fibre and the sample, a Mueller matrix (MT) associated with said assembly. The Mueller matrix (Mo) associated with the sample is determined from the Mueller matrices associated with the optical fibre and the assembly comprising the optical fibre and the sample, respectively.
