An aerosol delivery device is provided that includes a reservoir configured to retain an aerosol precursor composition, a heating element, and a power source connected to an electrical load that includes the heating element. The power source includes a rechargeable lithium-ion battery having a carbon-based anode, an electrochemically-active cathode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte in contact with the anode and the cathode, with the non-aqueous electrolyte including a lithium salt in a carbonate solvent or solvent mixture. The aerosol delivery device also includes a microprocessor configured to operate in an active mode in which the microprocessor is configured to direct power from the power source to the heating element and thereby control the heating element to activate and vaporize components of the aerosol precursor composition.
