Embodiments relate to methods comprising expressing or overexpressing P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) producing cells； isolating HIV particles from the HIV producing cells； and preparing the isolated HIV particles as a HIV vaccine. Embodiments relate to systems comprising a HIV vaccine comprising live attenuated, inactivated, or non-infectious HIV particles. Embodiments relate to systems capable of performing a method comprising administering a vaccine comprising live attenuated, inactivated, or non-infectious HIV particles to a subject in need of the vaccine； and treating or preventing one or more disease states in the subject resulting from HIV infection. Embodiments relate to methods comprising expressing or overexpressing PSGL-1 in virus producing cells； and inhibiting viral infection； or inhibiting viral spreading； or inactivating viruses and virus producing cells； or producing non-infectious virion particles； or allowing the virus producing cells to produce non-infectious virions, isolating the virions, and preparing non-infectious virions, the virions being HIV particles.
