Compounds, pharmaceutical compositions including the compounds, and methods of preparation and use thereof are disclosed. The compounds are fulvene and/or fulvalene analogs. The compounds and compositions can be used to treat and/or prevent a wide variety of cancers, including drug resistant cancers, as well as numerous inflammatory, degenerative and vascular diseases, including various ocular diseases. Representative fulvene and/or fulvalene analogs include fulvene and fulvalene analogues of various dyes, hormones, sugars, peptides, oligonucleotides, amino acids, nucleotides, nucleosides, and polyols. The compounds are believed to function, at least, by inhibiting Nox or ROS. In some embodiments, the Nox is one that is selectively expressed in cancer cells over normal cells, or one that is expressed in higher amounts in cancer cells over normal cells. Thus, the compounds are novel therapeutic agents for a variety of cancers and other diseases.
